A CMOS camera as a tool for process analysis not only for laser beam welding

Spectroscopic, energetic and metallographic investigations of the laser lap welding of AISI 304 using the response surface methodology

“…Some of them focused on the analysis of acoustic emissions or electric signals generated by the plasma plume, while others exploited fast imaging of the weld pool dynamics using CCD or CMOS cameras [15,16]. Acoustic emissions (AE), produced during laser welding of metals, are originated by the ejection of hot vapors from the keyhole that compress the ambient air.…”

Monitoring of welding status by molten pool morphology during high-power disk laser welding

“…A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 9 shows a captured original image. Figure 4(b) gave the gray histogram of Fig.…”

“…Joerg applied the coaxial camera to record the keyhole shape in welding process and analyze the orderliness between image of keyhole and welding depth [9], but the method is applied with thin specimen welding. Luo et al analyzed the audible sounds during keyhole and conduction laser welding, and determined the relationships among the metal vaporization, plasma temperature and acoustic signals [10].…”

Intelligent laser welding through representation, prediction, and control learning: An architecture with deep neural networks and reinforcement learning

“…The camera can sample at rates of up to 1500 Hz. It provides important information about geometrical parameters of the observed keyhole [27] with a resolution of 144 Â 176 pixels. Additionally, the process is observed by three photodiodes, sampling at 40 kHz and corresponding to different wavelengths.…”