“…For example, leaky-integrated-firing of a biological neuron can be technically realized by van der Pol (vdP) oscillators (van der Pol, 1926;Pikovskij et al, 2003;Ignatov et al, 2016), compact devices based on VO 2 or NbO x , which exhibit a negative differential resistance (NDR) I-V curve (D. Lee et al, 2018;Maffezzoni et al, 2015;Driscoll et al, 2012;Luo et al, 2022), or integrated, mixed-signal circuits (X. Cheng et al, 2021). In general, low time scales known form biological information pathways, including external stimuli that affect them, offer an exploration space attainable by materials-related phenomena, electronics, and parameter monitoring.…”