A collaborative study of a method for enumeration of probiotic enterococci in animal feed

Leuschner, Renata; Bew, Jan; Domig, Konrad J.; Kneifel, Wolfgang

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01755.x

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…This makes it possible to achieve a better level of control and to define appropriate dosages for a specific target. For the choice of strains, basic in vitro prerequisite criteria, related to identification, enumeration , safety, gut survival and colonization ability, as well as other criteria related to technological process and probiosis, are necessary . It is worth mentioning that in general only a few strains have the right basic profile and only 1‰ become a marketable strain.…”

Section: Comparison Of Species and Strains Requirements In Feed/foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of differences between microbial feed additives and probiotics for food regarding regulation, growth promotion effects and health properties and consequences for extrapolation of farm animal results to humans

Bernardeau

Vernoux

2013

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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For many years, microbial adjuncts have been used to supplement the diets of farm animals and humans. They have evolved since the 1990s to become known as probiotics, i.e. functional food with health benefits. After the discovery of a possible link between manipulation of gut microflora in mice and obesity, a focus on the use of these beneficial microbes that act on gut microflora in animal farming was undertaken and compared with the use of probiotics for food. Beneficial microbes added to feed are classified at a regulatory level as zootechnical additives, in the category of gut flora stabilizers for healthy animals and are regulated up to strain level in Europe. Intended effects are improvement of performance characteristics, which are strain dependent and growth enhancement is not a prerequisite. In fact, increase of body weight is not commonly reported and its frequency is around 25% of the published data examined here. However, when a Body Weight Gain (BWG) was found in the literature, it was generally moderate (lower than or close to 10%) and this over a reduced period of their short industrial life. When it was higher than 10%, it could be explained as an indirect consequence of the alleviation of the weight losses linked to stressful intensive rearing conditions or health deficiency. However, regulations on feed do not consider the health effects because animals are supposed to be healthy, so there is no requirement for reporting healthy effects in the standard European dossier. The regulations governing the addition of beneficial microorganisms to food are less stringent than for feed and no dossier is required if a species has a Qualified Presumption of Safety status. The microbial strain marketed is not submitted to any regulation and its properties (including BWG) do not need to be studied. Only claims for functional or healthy properties are regulated and again growth effect is not included. However, recent studies on probiotic effects showed that BWG could also be observed in humans, or not, according to species and strains. Determining the significance of farm animal results for extrapolation to humans, especially regarding body weight improvement, was not easy because they do not use the same microbial strains nor always the same species. Furthermore, the framework for the management of microbials added to feed or to food differ, especially with regard to goal, timescale and lifestyle. So no one can exclude the possibility that beneficial microorganisms having probiotic effects may have long-term effects in humans that cannot be seen to date in animals, where short-term use is the rule. A possible link to obesity cannot be excluded in relation to timescale, species and strain specificity. To conclude, beneficial microorganisms added in feed are key factors stringently regulated for short-term improvement of zootechnical performances in animals and their use does not entirely parallel that of human probiotics. So extrapolation of farm animal results to humans is biased and not sufficient to be con...

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Section: Comparison Of Species and Strains Requirements In Feed/foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of differences between microbial feed additives and probiotics for food regarding regulation, growth promotion effects and health properties and consequences for extrapolation of farm animal results to humans

Bernardeau

Vernoux

2013

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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“…Probiotics are preferred as feed supplements over chemical agents because of zoo-technic and health benefits seen in the form of nutritional, immunological and involving competitive exclusion [54]. Competitive exclusion here may be explained in terms of "highly selective substrate limited growth conditions".…”

Section: Supplements In Animal Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotics: From Functional Foods to Pharmaceutical Products

Bansal

Garg²

2008

CPB

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The concept of probiotics now has been around for more than a century, with its consumption increasing exponentially; owing to exciting scientific and clinical findings, limiting side effects of existing pharmaceutical agents and increased consumer demand for natural products. But, the evidence for their safety and efficacy has largely been anecdotal, lacking an integrated scientific basis. Clinical studies conducted with probiotics were of inadequate design and resulted in unreliable data. That is the reason why despite having innumerable potential therapeutic uses probiotics are not being universally accepted. The purpose of present article is to amalgamate various branches of research which would help in development of "better", "commercial" and "pharmaceutical" probiotic products with defined strength, mechanism of action and indication. Probiotics have been classified into oral and vaginal in accordance to their route of administration, describing the health benefits. The article summarizes the research on significance of strain selection, interactions with co-administered agents and appropriate clinical studies uncovering the safety issues. There is a special emphasis on pharmaceutical issues including probiotic delivery systems, technological challenges during formulation, regulatory concerns, quality control and market potential. Developments in the techniques for in vitro evaluation have also been discussed.

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