Human osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) is an immunoglobulin (Ig)-like collagen receptor that is up-regulated on osteoclasts during osteoclastogenesis and is expressed in a range of myeloid cells. As a member of the leukocyte receptor complex family of proteins, OSCAR shares a high degree of sequence and structural homology with other collagen receptors of this family, including glycoprotein VI, leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1, and leukocyte Ig-like receptor B4, but recognizes a unique collagen sequence. Here, we present the crystal structures of OSCAR in its free form and in complex with a triple-helical collagen-like peptide (CLP). These structures reveal that the CLP peptide binds only one of the two Ig-like domains, the membrane-proximal domain (domain 2) of OSCAR, with the middle and trailing chain burying a total of 661 Å 2 of solvent-accessible collagen surface. This binding mode is facilitated by the unusual topography of the OSCAR protein, which displays an obtuse interdomain angle and a rotation of domain 2 relative to the membrane-distal domain 1. Moreover, the binding of the CLP to OSCAR appears to be mediated largely by tyrosine residues and conformational changes at a shallow Phe pocket. Furthermore, we investigated CLP peptides as inhibitors of osteoclastogenesis and found that a peptide length of 40 amino acids is required to ensure adequate inhibition of osteoclastogenesis in vitro. These findings provide valuable structural insights into the mode of collagen recognition by OSCAR and into the use of synthetic peptide matrikines for osteoclastogenesis inhibition.C ollagen is a highly versatile family of proteins consisting of more than 28 members that achieve a high degree of complexity through association of different collagen types, the use of multiple transcription initiation sites, alternative splicing patterns, posttranslational modifications, and a wide range of expression patterns (1). Despite this heterogeneity, studies of collagen over the past 60 y have revealed that collagens are commonly found as large fibrillar structures consisting of varying lengths of righthanded triple-helical structures that are formed by association of three left-handed polyproline type II helices with a one-residue stagger (2, 3). Crucial to the formation of these triple helical structures are the repetitive amino acid triplet sequences G-X-Y, of which the most frequently observed triplet is G-P-O, with O representing 4-hydroxyproline (4). In these structures the obligate glycine of the triplet is buried toward the center of the helix and is solvent inaccessible, whereas the X and Y residues are solvent accessible with the latter providing crucial stability to collagen fibrils through interchain hydrogen bonding (3). The diversity of imino and amino acids within these X and Y repetitive sequences are thought to result in changes in the helical parameters of collagen, which vary from a tight left-handed 7 2 to a looser 10 3 helical symmetry, and could provide a more flexible and accessible motif fo...