A collisional kinetic theory of a plane parallel evaporating planetary atmosphere

A volcanic origin for the outflow channels of Mars: Key evidence and major implications

“…and thus have a total volume that is consistent with many geochemical predictions of near-surface water abundance. However, direct comparisons between early bulk abundance and modern nearsurface abundance are complicated by factors such as the expected partial loss of near-surface water by atmospheric escape (e.g., Shizgal and Blackmore, 1986;Jakosky et al, 1994;Leshin, 2000;Lammer et al, 2003).…”

Exospheres and Atmospheric Escape

“…Such simulations have been extensively used at the Earth to model the escape and exospheric formation of minor species (Chamberlain and Campbell 1967;Chamberlain 1969;Barakat and Lemaire 1990;Hodges 1994). These simulations have also been tested against a multi-moment solution (Demars et al 1993) or a direct solution of the linearized Boltzmann equation (Shizgal and Blackmore 1986). Since the hot particles heat the thermosphere, adding a hot tail to a Maxwellian can be incorrect .…”

“…Solutions have been developed for a linearized Boltzmann equation in order to describe gas flow in the transition region (Shizgal and Lindenfeld 1982;Shizgal and Blackmore 1986;Shizgal and Arkos 1996;Shizgal 1999). This approximation is used to describe the flow of hot or minor species through the background atmosphere assuming their effect is negligible .…”

Modeling of Venus, Mars, and Titan

“…While numerous studies have analyzed hydrogen in Earth's (e.g., Chamberlain 1963Chamberlain , 1977Chamberlain , 1980Vidal-Madjar and Bertaux 1972;Bertaux 1978;Shizgal and Blackmore 1986;Hodges 1994) and Venus' exosphere (e.g., Rodriguez et al 1984;Shizgal 1987;Nagy et al 1990;Hodges 1999;Shizgal 1999a), few studies have described Mars' hydrogen exosphere. Nagy et al (1990) studied the production of hot hydrogen produced by charge exchange using a two-stream model approach.…”