A Combined Soda Sintering and Microwave Reductive Roasting Process of Bauxite Residue for Iron Recovery

Cardenia, Chiara; Balomenos, Efthymios; Tam, Pritii Wai Yin; Panias, Dimitrios

doi:10.3390/min11020222

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Cardenia et al [147] carried out investigations on the RM provided by Mytilineos, Metallurgy Business Unit (formerly known as AoG). The particle size distribution of the dried sample had a mean particle size (D 50 ) of 1.87 µm and D 90 of 90% of the particles below 43 µm.…”

Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

et al. 2022

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Managing red mud (RM), a solid waste byproduct of the alumina recovery process, is a serious ecological and environmental issue. With ~150 million tons/year of RM being generated globally, nearly 4.6 billion tons of RM are presently stored in vast waste reserves. RM can be a valuable resource of metals, minor elements, and rare earth elements. The suitability of RM as a low-grade iron resource was assessed in this study. The utilization of RM as a material resource in several commercial, industrial operations was briefly reviewed. Key features of iron recovery techniques, such as magnetic separation, carbothermal reduction, smelting reduction, acid leaching, and hydrothermal techniques were presented. RMs from different parts of the globe including India, China, Greece, Italy, France, and Russia were examined for their iron recovery potential. Data on RM composition, iron recovery, techniques, and yields was presented. The composition range of RMs examined were: Fe2O3: 28.3–63.2 wt.%; Al2O3: 6.9–26.53 wt.%; SiO2: 2.3–22.0 wt.%; Na2O: 0.27–13.44 wt.%; CaO: 0.26–23.8 wt.%; Al2O3/SiO2: 0.3–4.6. Even with a high alumina content and high Al2O3/SiO2 ratios, it was possible to recover iron in all cases, showing the significant potential of RM as a secondary resource of low-grade iron.

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Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

et al. 2022

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“…Cardenia et al [147] carried out investigations on the RM provided by Mytilineos, Metallurgy Business Unit (formerly known as AoG). The particle size distribution of the dried sample had a mean particle size (D 50 ) of 1.87 μm and D 90 of 90% of the particles below 43 μm.…”

Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Sustainability of Current Waste Management Practices

2022

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“…These methods can be divided into pyro- and hydrometallurgical methods [ 16 ]. Pyrometallurgical methods include magnetic separation after preliminary reductive roasting [ 17 ], reductive sintering with various fluxes [ 18 , 19 ], and smelting of BR with a reducing agent to produce pig iron [ 20 , 21 ]. The major disadvantage of these methods is their high energy consumption, as the temperatures of these processes can reach as high as 1000–1750 °C [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Iron Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Valorization Using Hydrochemical Conversion of Goethite to Magnetite

et al. 2022

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Bauxite residue (BR), also known as red mud, is a byproduct of the alumina production using the Bayer process. This material is not used to make iron or other iron-containing products worldwide, owing to its high content of sodium oxide and other impurities. In this study, we investigated the hydrochemical conversion of goethite (FeOOH) to magnetite (Fe3O4) in high-iron BR from the Friguia alumina refinery (Guinea) by Fe2+ ions in highly concentrated alkaline media. The simultaneous extraction of Al and Na made it possible to obtain a product containing more than 96% Fe3O4. The results show that the magnetization of Al-goethite and Al-hematite accelerates the dissolution of the Al from the iron mineral solid matrix and from the desilication product (DSP). After ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) was added directly at an FeO:Fe2O3 molar ratio of 1:1 at 120 °C for 150 min in solution with the 360 g L−1 Na2O concentration, the alumina extraction ratio reached 96.27% for the coarse bauxite residue size fraction (Sands) and 87.06% for fine BR obtained from red mud. The grade of iron (total iron in the form of iron elements) in the residue can be increased to 69.55% for sands and 58.31% for BR. The solid residues obtained after leaching were studied by XRD, XRF, TG-DTA, VSM, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and SEM to evaluate the conversion and leaching mechanisms, as well as the recovery ratio of Al from various minerals. The iron-rich residues can be used in the steel industry or as a pigment.

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A Combined Soda Sintering and Microwave Reductive Roasting Process of Bauxite Residue for Iron Recovery

Cited by 11 publications

References 49 publications

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

Red Mud as a Secondary Resource of Low-Grade Iron: A Global Perspective

Environmental Sustainability of Current Waste Management Practices

High-Iron Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Valorization Using Hydrochemical Conversion of Goethite to Magnetite

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