“…Four proximal factors that contribute to the crisis have been identified: unskilled and unmotivated teachers; unprepared learners; school inputs that are ineffective in promoting teaching and learning; and school management that is ineffective in promoting teaching and learning ( World Bank, 2018 ). Due to the diversity of circumstances that underlie these barriers, they cannot be overcome without attitudinal and large-scale structural changes that cannot be achieved quickly and require concerted effort from multiple stakeholders ( Ganimian and Murnane, 2016 ; Mahuro and Hungi, 2016 ; Islam, 2017 ; Tindyebwa Muhangi, 2019 ; Randolph, 2022 ; Siy Van et al, 2022 ). The level of community organization at which stakeholders participate differs across countries ( Barr et al, 2012 ; Baquedano-López et al, 2013 ).…”