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Image 2 -Drawings of prohibited weapons on the cover of a Crowns and Arms register. Podestà, Corone ed armi 2, 1288II. Archivio di Stato di Bologna. vii A Note on UsageThe standards for dates, currencies, and measures varied from town to town in medieval Italy. In many cities, the calendar year began on 25 March, but in Bologna it began on Christmas (25 December). I have adjusted dates as necessary to match the Gregorian calendar. Despite local variations in coinage, public courts across northern Italy assessed fines according to the standard monies of account: the lira (libra or pound), soldo (solidus or shilling), and denaro (denarius or penny). I use these denominations accordingly, without attempting to determine their actual economic value in a given context. Their ratios were fixed as follows: 1 lira = 20 soldi = 240 denari. Most measures of length derived from the Roman duodecimal system based on the pes or foot (29.6 cm), but their actual length deviated from the Roman standard depending on the city. Wherever measures of length figure into cases, I provide them as given in the source, without attempting a conversion. Common measures included the piede (foot), braccio (arm's-length), pertica (rod), and millia (mile). In some contexts, the piede was divided into palmi (palms) and digiti (digits) according to a Greek system, where 1 piede = 4 palmi = 16 digiti. For more detailed information on Bolognese measures, see Franco Bergonzoni, "Note sulle unità di misura bolognesi," in I portici di Bologna e l'edilizia civile medievale, ed. Francesca Bocchi (Casalecchio di Reno: Grafis, 1990), 161-70. As for personal names, I have converted the Latin names in the sources to modern Italian except in a few cases where individuals hailed from beyond the peninsula. I give their names in the appropriate modern vernacular.viii Abbreviations ASB Archivio di Stato di Bologna Accusationes Curia del podestà, Giudici ad maleficia, Accusationes Cartacea Riformagioni e provvigioni, serie cartacea Corone Curia del podestà, Ufficio corone ed armi Fango Curia del podestà, Ufficio delle acque, strade, ponti, calanchi, seliciate e fango Giudici Capitano del popolo, Giudici del capitano del popolo Inquisitiones Curia del podestà, Giudici ad maleficia, Libri inquisitionum et testium Provvigioni Governo, Provvigioni dei consigli minori Riformagioni Riformagioni del Consiglio del Popolo Sindacato Curia del podestà, Ufficio del giudice al sindacato Tesoreria Camera del comune, Tesoreria e contrallatore di tesoreria Vigne Curia del podestà, Ufficio per la custodia delle vigne, palancati e broili
Image 2 -Drawings of prohibited weapons on the cover of a Crowns and Arms register. Podestà, Corone ed armi 2, 1288II. Archivio di Stato di Bologna. vii A Note on UsageThe standards for dates, currencies, and measures varied from town to town in medieval Italy. In many cities, the calendar year began on 25 March, but in Bologna it began on Christmas (25 December). I have adjusted dates as necessary to match the Gregorian calendar. Despite local variations in coinage, public courts across northern Italy assessed fines according to the standard monies of account: the lira (libra or pound), soldo (solidus or shilling), and denaro (denarius or penny). I use these denominations accordingly, without attempting to determine their actual economic value in a given context. Their ratios were fixed as follows: 1 lira = 20 soldi = 240 denari. Most measures of length derived from the Roman duodecimal system based on the pes or foot (29.6 cm), but their actual length deviated from the Roman standard depending on the city. Wherever measures of length figure into cases, I provide them as given in the source, without attempting a conversion. Common measures included the piede (foot), braccio (arm's-length), pertica (rod), and millia (mile). In some contexts, the piede was divided into palmi (palms) and digiti (digits) according to a Greek system, where 1 piede = 4 palmi = 16 digiti. For more detailed information on Bolognese measures, see Franco Bergonzoni, "Note sulle unità di misura bolognesi," in I portici di Bologna e l'edilizia civile medievale, ed. Francesca Bocchi (Casalecchio di Reno: Grafis, 1990), 161-70. As for personal names, I have converted the Latin names in the sources to modern Italian except in a few cases where individuals hailed from beyond the peninsula. I give their names in the appropriate modern vernacular.viii Abbreviations ASB Archivio di Stato di Bologna Accusationes Curia del podestà, Giudici ad maleficia, Accusationes Cartacea Riformagioni e provvigioni, serie cartacea Corone Curia del podestà, Ufficio corone ed armi Fango Curia del podestà, Ufficio delle acque, strade, ponti, calanchi, seliciate e fango Giudici Capitano del popolo, Giudici del capitano del popolo Inquisitiones Curia del podestà, Giudici ad maleficia, Libri inquisitionum et testium Provvigioni Governo, Provvigioni dei consigli minori Riformagioni Riformagioni del Consiglio del Popolo Sindacato Curia del podestà, Ufficio del giudice al sindacato Tesoreria Camera del comune, Tesoreria e contrallatore di tesoreria Vigne Curia del podestà, Ufficio per la custodia delle vigne, palancati e broili
Image 2 -Drawings of prohibited weapons on the cover of a Crowns and Arms register. Podestà, Corone ed armi 2, 1288II. Archivio di Stato di Bologna. vii A Note on UsageThe standards for dates, currencies, and measures varied from town to town in medieval Italy. In many cities, the calendar year began on 25 March, but in Bologna it began on Christmas (25 December). I have adjusted dates as necessary to match the Gregorian calendar. Despite local variations in coinage, public courts across northern Italy assessed fines according to the standard monies of account: the lira (libra or pound), soldo (solidus or shilling), and denaro (denarius or penny). I use these denominations accordingly, without attempting to determine their actual economic value in a given context. Their ratios were fixed as follows: 1 lira = 20 soldi = 240 denari. Most measures of length derived from the Roman duodecimal system based on the pes or foot (29.6 cm), but their actual length deviated from the Roman standard depending on the city. Wherever measures of length figure into cases, I provide them as given in the source, without attempting a conversion. Common measures included the piede (foot), braccio (arm's-length), pertica (rod), and millia (mile). In some contexts, the piede was divided into palmi (palms) and digiti (digits) according to a Greek system, where 1 piede = 4 palmi = 16 digiti. For more detailed information on Bolognese measures, see Franco Bergonzoni, "Note sulle unità di misura bolognesi," in I portici di Bologna e l'edilizia civile medievale, ed. Francesca Bocchi (Casalecchio di Reno: Grafis, 1990), 161-70. As for personal names, I have converted the Latin names in the sources to modern Italian except in a few cases where individuals hailed from beyond the peninsula. I give their names in the appropriate modern vernacular.viii Abbreviations ASB Archivio di Stato di Bologna Accusationes Curia del podestà, Giudici ad maleficia, Accusationes Cartacea Riformagioni e provvigioni, serie cartacea Corone Curia del podestà, Ufficio corone ed armi Fango Curia del podestà, Ufficio delle acque, strade, ponti, calanchi, seliciate e fango Giudici Capitano del popolo, Giudici del capitano del popolo Inquisitiones Curia del podestà, Giudici ad maleficia, Libri inquisitionum et testium Provvigioni Governo, Provvigioni dei consigli minori Riformagioni Riformagioni del Consiglio del Popolo Sindacato Curia del podestà, Ufficio del giudice al sindacato Tesoreria Camera del comune, Tesoreria e contrallatore di tesoreria Vigne Curia del podestà, Ufficio per la custodia delle vigne, palancati e broili
Among the many recipes contained within a fifteenth-century book of secrets housed in Venice’s Biblioteca Marciana, there is a singularly unique one that offers to create the ‘Sword of Roland the Paladin’. The recipe, supposedly learned from a necromancer from Bologna, would create a solution from a mélange of herbs and alchemical salts and would purportedly invest the blade with occult powers. This recipe for creating the ‘Sword of Roland’ promises the potential of an object, rather than an actual physical thing. Nonetheless, this specific recipe offers an exceptional lens through which to investigate the intersection of material objects and magic in the late medieval Mediterranean Basin. It does so in four ways: in the physical space of the Biblioteca Marciana, in the physical codex in which the recipe is found, in the actual objects required to make the solution and in the very urban space of Venice itself.
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