A comparative evaluation of efficacy of chemotherapy, immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy in visceral leishmaniasis-an experimental study

Nanoliposomal artemisinin for the treatment of murine visceral leishmaniasis

“…This study corroborates well with those that have reported failure of induction of cellular immunity in Leishmania-infected animals contributing to the disease exacerbation. 46,47 lymphoproliferation and cytokine analysis Splenocytes of animals treated with NLA proliferated upon in vitro recall with SLA, whereas no such proliferation was seen in infected control or animals treated with free artemisinin and empty nanoparticles. AmB-treated animals showed the highest rate of proliferation of splenocytes ( Figure 5B and S2).…”

Recent updates and perspectives on approaches for the development of vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis

“…The major advantages of these candidates are their purity and the production yields achievable. Several proteins have been frequently investigated as candidate vaccines for the cutaneous form of leishmaniasis; however, few of these have been evaluated in mammalian VL models (39) . Recombinant proteins have been evaluated as second-generation vaccines for VL with variable degrees of success, usually depending on the vaccine formulation and associated immune adjuvants, as well as the animal model used for testing.…”

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil

“…Joshi et al [128] used Balb/c mice in order to verify in vivo therapeutic potential of the first generation of vaccines with dead L. donovani antigen (KDL) combined with adjuvant (MPL-A) and leishmanicidal chemotherapy such as cisplatin and sodium stibogluconate (SSG) and then compared those to isolated chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In animals treated with vaccine associated to SSG, there was a 98.50% reduction in serum parasitic levels, but the study also noted that the use of any of the chemotherapeutic associated with vaccination resulted in direct parasite elimination by drug activity and activation of the immune cell-mediated response.…”

“…In animals treated with vaccine associated to SSG, there was a 98.50% reduction in serum parasitic levels, but the study also noted that the use of any of the chemotherapeutic associated with vaccination resulted in direct parasite elimination by drug activity and activation of the immune cell-mediated response. They concluded that immunochemotherapy protocols may be effective, but further studies are needed in different animal models in order to better understand the immune response [128].…”

“…According to Joshi et al, an effective vaccine must induce a strong and long-lasting Th1 response as to prevent the initial establishment of infection: by definition, a prophylactic vaccine [128]. However, when it comes to a disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan, the aim is to at least control progression to severe disease and prevent transmission from host to vector, hindering maintenance of the epidemiological cycle.…”