A Comparative Evaluation of Three Washing Procedures for Minimizing Exogenous Trace Element Contamination in Fetal Scalp Hair of Various Obstetric Outcomes

Abstract

A comparative evaluation of three washing methods for removing exogenous elemental contamination from fetal scalp hair is described. A total of 12 samples, including 6 from normal pregnancies and 6 from abruptio placentae (AP) cases, were used. Each was divided into four subsamples, with one left unwashed for comparison, while three were subjected to one of the three washing methods. The first consisted of agitating hair for 5 min in sequential and equal measures (30 ml) of acetone and water, followed by rinsing with acetone, and the process repeated twice. In the second and third, hair was agitated for 30 min in aqueous solutions of sodium lauryl sulfate (0.5%, w/v), and Triton X-100 (0.5%, v/v), respectively, followed by sequential rinsing with deionized water and acetone. After drying and microwave-assisted digestion in concentrated nitric acid, the subsamples' concentrations of zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, mercury and selenium were determined using inductively coupled mass spectrometry. All washed subsamples, irrespective of washing method used, had lower elemental concentrations than the corresponding, unwashed subsamples. These differences, taken as presumptive indicators of exogenous contamination, showed only small variations (<5%) between the three washing methods, irrespective of element, mode of delivery, and obstetric outcome. However, the contamination levels elicited by each of the three methods varied in magnitude according to individual elements, with those of copper being highest, followed by those of zinc, cadmium, mercury, selenium, and lead. They also varied according to obstetric outcome, being highest in the AP subsamples, while in the normal pregnancy group, copper and zinc contamination levels in the subsamples from neonates delivered by elective caesarean section were higher than in those from normal-delivery neonates. The data from this study suggest that the three washing methods used have comparable efficacies in removing exogenous elemental contamination from fetal hair, further inferring that it is probably a simple biological matrix to decontaminate. Possible contributory factors are discussed and contrasted with those affecting adult hair.

Advantages of the Use of Deciduous Teeth, Hair, and Blood Analysis for Lead and Cadmium Bio-Monitoring in Children. A Study of 6-Year-Old Children from Krakow (Poland)

“…Hair has been considered to be suitable for comparative studies of environmental exposure of different age groups and populations [41]; however, metal levels measured can be an undefined and non-uniform combination of endogenous and exogenous metal amounts, depending on washing methods applied before analysis [42]. These complications make methods’ standardization difficult, increase variability of results, and cause problems with interpretation [28].…”

Hair Trace Elements Concentration to Describe Polymetallic Mining Waste Exposure in Bolivian Altiplano

“…Other elements have been also measured in hair and references values have been proposed in specific populations [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] However, the use of hair analysis has several limitations. One problem relies in the difficulty to distinguish between endogenous (absorbed into the blood and incorporated into the hair) and exogenous contamination (derived from external contamination) [23,24]. Other difficulties come from the absence of reliable background reference ranges for the different populations due to lack of reproducibility.…”

Metal Pollution in Nigeria: A Biomonitoring Update

“…Hair is considered to be suitable for comparative studies of environmental exposure in different age groups and populations; however, measured metal levels can be an undefined and nonuniform combination of endogenous and exogenous metals, depending on the washing methods applied before 67, 68 Such complications pose problems with methods standardization, increased result variability, and data interpretation. 69 A CDC Expert Advisory Panel, in a bid to address these challenges, concluded that there is insufficient knowledge concerning the use of hair for the evaluation of exposure, along with a lack of adequate baseline or background values for populations.…”