A comparative investigation of bone surface after cutting with mechanical tools and Er:YAG laser

Baek, Kyunghwa; Deibel, Waldemar; Marinov, D.; Griessen, Mathias; Dard, Michel; Bruno, Alfredo E.; Zeilhofer, Hans‐Florian; Cattin, Philippe C.; Juergens, P.

doi:10.1002/lsm.22352

Cited by 69 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The smear layer was very similar to the one observed in dental tissues that underwent mechanical cutting, however, the exact mechanism of the layer formation was not clear (Fig. 3.19 [31]). The Er:YAG technique was also compared with high and low speed diamond coated tools as well as pizo tools in a cutting operation of pig cadaver bone [30].…”

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Comparing with pizoelectric cutter, more bleeding was observed in case of Er:YAG laser cut in a minipig bone ( Fig. 3.18 [31]). The bleeding in fact was a sign of anatomically open and biologically active surface, which was thought to promote the healing process.…”

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Considering superior capability of Er:YAG laser, the technique was compared with various other hybrid as well as conventional techniques [30,31]. Comparing with pizoelectric cutter, more bleeding was observed in case of Er:YAG laser cut in a minipig bone ( Fig.…”

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Dahotre

Joshi

2016

Machining of Bone and Hard Tissues

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Having explored the basics of important fundamental contact (mechanical) and noncontact (thermal) operations involved in machining of the bones, the discussion will proceed towards some of the non-conventional techniques. These techniques have evolved as a result of research works on interaction of bones with various energy sources such as photon/electron beam and mechanical vibrations. Hybrids of fundamentals operations of machining have also been taken into account. Laser, microwave, and ion-beam based methods have been discussed under beam based techniques. Ultrasonic machining which has been extensively explored for bone application has been dealt in a separate section. Pneumatic and hydraulic machining have been taken into account under the section on hybrid machining. These nonconventional/hybrid techniques are not as popular as conventional ones but hold a huge potential for the future. High Energy Beam Based TechniquesThe high energy beam based methods employ some sort of radiation as the means of energy source for removal of the bone material. These techniques have mostly been employed previously in case of the structural materials. Unlike conventional mechanical contact methods employing physical tools which result in generation of heat as the secondary effect, beam based techniques employ heat as the primary means of tooling. The heat is generated by means of various electromagnetic waves within the electromagnetic spectrum such as ultraviolet, microwave, and infrared with various combinations for ranges of energy and wavelength ( Fig. 3.1). As the combinations dictate the extent and mode of interaction of the energy source with the workpiece, any machining operation can be carried out with careful process control. Most common methods explored in this category include laser, ion-beam, and microwave machining which are discussed in detail in the following subsections. Laser MachiningLasers (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) have been used as a means of machining for quite some time now. Theoretically any wavelength within the electromagnetic spectrum can be made into a laser source. Principally, a lasing medium is excited using a energy source such as inert gas flash lamp. The input of energy (Fig. 3.2a) transfers the electrons within the atoms of the medium to higher energy state, technically termed as population inversion. On the other hand, the random absorption of energy gives rise to spontaneous emission (Fig. 3.2b). In case of population inversion, these electrons jump to lower energy state at the same time emitting photons of the same energy corresponding to difference between ground and excited state (Fig. 3.2c). A set of two mirrors, some times called resonators, one totally and the other partially reflecting, generates the chain reaction giving rise to highly concentrated beam coming out of the partially reflecting mirror (Fig. 3.3). This beam is monochromatic, coherent, and highly collimated in nature and can be employed for various applications depending on the wavele...

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Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Dahotre

Joshi

2016

Machining of Bone and Hard Tissues

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“…1), we did not only bridge this gap, but also found indication that the healing process outperforms conventional cutting instruments [3]. To guarantee a high cutting precision, the laser source is directly mounted on a robot's end effector and is optically tracked using a stereo optical tracking device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Simultaneous intrinsic and extrinsic calibration of a laser deflecting tilting mirror in the projective voltage space

et al. 2016

Self Cite

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PURPOSE : During the past five decades, laser technology emerged and is nowadays part of a great number of scientific and industrial applications. In the medical field, the integration of laser technology is on the rise and has already been widely adopted in contemporary medical applications. However, it is new to use a laser to cut bone and perform general osteotomy surgical tasks with it. In this paper, we describe a method to calibrate a laser deflecting tilting mirror and integrate it into a sophisticated laser osteotome, involving next generation robots and optical tracking. METHODS : A mathematical model was derived, which describes a controllable deflection mirror by the general projective transformation. This makes the application of well-known camera calibration methods possible. In particular, the direct linear transformation algorithm is applied to calibrate and integrate a laser deflecting tilting mirror into the affine transformation chain of a surgical system. RESULTS : Experiments were performed on synthetic generated calibration input, and the calibration was tested with real data. The determined target registration errors in a working distance of 150 mm for both simulated input and real data agree at the declared noise level of the applied optical 3D tracking system: The evaluation of the synthetic input showed an error of 0.4 mm, and the error with the real data was 0.3 mm.

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“…Consequently, flexible tools can be used for the cutting process (Baek et al, 2015a). Furthermore, the use of lasers is advantageous from the aspects of accuracy and faster healing of the bone (Baek et al, 2015b). Importantly, high accuracy and satisfactory cutting performance of the laser osteotomy can only be reached through stable, dexterous, and precise guidance by a robotic platform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automation of a Flexoscope for Laser Osteotomy

Kósa¹,

G²,

Zam³

et al.

EPiC Series in Health Sciences

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Typically, Flexoscopes are used in interventions that require minimal number of ports and maneuverability in the target area such as natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. In orthopedic surgeries, these endoscopes are not used because interventions like drilling and osteotomy necessitate large forces. Laser osteotomy does not require mechanical contact with the bone therefore flexible tools can be used for cutting. GG-1 is a custom-designed robotic platform that allows precise control of the flexoscope's pose. The robot is anthropomorphically inspired from a human arm. The robot will be able to move and orient the laser accurately, while following an uneven bone surface in the target area of the osteotomy.

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A comparative investigation of bone surface after cutting with mechanical tools and Er:YAG laser

Cited by 69 publications

References 22 publications

Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Simultaneous intrinsic and extrinsic calibration of a laser deflecting tilting mirror in the projective voltage space

Automation of a Flexoscope for Laser Osteotomy

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