A comparative study in rodents of standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba

Das, Amitava; Shanker, Girja; Nath, Chandishwar; Pal, Rishi; Singh, S. P.; Singh, Hemant Kumar

doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00940-1

Cited by 237 publications

(140 citation statements)

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“…In addition, EGb761 may facilitate the recollection of conditioned fear, which may help the animal to identify the role of conditioned stimuli during the extinction training phase. Consistent with current findings showed exogenous administration of norepinephrine before fear conditioning results in long-term fear memory formation (Ferry et al, 1999;Das et al, 2002). It is still not clear that EGb761 did not clearly affect the expression of FPS.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…EGb761 may achieve its effect on the extinction of fear memory by stimulating norepinephrine release during fear conditioning, and enhance the perception of fear and anxiety-inducing stimuli and fear-related behavior. EGb761 also inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the metabolizing enzyme of acetylcholine (Das et al, 2002). The inhibition of AChE is presently the most accepted and recognized therapeutic marker in the development of cognitive enhancers (Enz et al, 1993;Siddiqui and Levey, 1999;Das et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EGb761 also inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the metabolizing enzyme of acetylcholine (Das et al, 2002). The inhibition of AChE is presently the most accepted and recognized therapeutic marker in the development of cognitive enhancers (Enz et al, 1993;Siddiqui and Levey, 1999;Das et al, 2002). Administration of EGb761 may help animals recruit cognitive resources when presented with ambiguous, discrepant, or potentially threatening stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, it is a buffer against rapid age-related decline in mental function. The second possible mechanism is the ability of EGb761 to serve as a cognitive enhancer (Das et al, 2002) and anxiolytic agent to counter stress effects. Several laboratories have documented anxiolytic effects associated with repeated administration of EGb761 or preparations containing EGb761.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb761 Facilitates Extinction of Conditioned Fear Measured by Fear-Potentiated Startle

Yang

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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A standard extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) has been used in the treatment of various common geriatric complaints including vertigo, short-term memory loss, hearing loss, lack of attention, or vigilance. We demonstrated that acute systemic administration of EGb761 facilitated the acquisition of conditioned fear. Many studies suggest the neural mechanism underlies extinction is similar to the acquisition. This raises a possibility that EGb761 may modulate and accelerate the fear extinction process. We tested this possibility by using fearpotentiated startle (FPS) on laboratory rats. Acute systemic injection of EGb761 (10, 20, or 50 mg/kg) 30 min before extinction training facilitated extinction in a dose-dependent manner. Intra-amygdaloid infusion of EGb761 (28 ng/side, bilaterally) 10 min before extinction training also facilitated extinction. Control experiments showed that facilitation effect of EGb761 was not the result of impaired expression of conditioned fear or accelerated forgetting. Rats previously injected with EGb761 showed significant FPS after retraining. Extinction of conditioned fear appeared to result from acute drug effects rather than from toxic action. Systemic administration of EGb761 immediately after extinction training did not facilitate extinction, suggested the EGb761 facilitation effect is contributed to the acquisition phase of extinction learning. Western blot results showed that extinction induced amygdaloid extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation was significantly elevated by EGb761 treatment. Intra-amygdala injection of ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 completely blocked the EGb761 effect. Therefore, acute EGb761 administration modulated extinction of conditioned fear by activating ERK1/2.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb761 Facilitates Extinction of Conditioned Fear Measured by Fear-Potentiated Startle

Yang

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Some plants used in Indian and Chinese traditional medical practice have been justified as having potentials in the management of CNS related disorder. Bacopa monniera and Gingko biloba from Indian and Chinese traditional medicine respectively are well documented cognitive enhancers (Das et al, 2002). Phytochemical analysis of such plants led to the characterization of cyanotroside from Cynanchum atratum and zeathin from Fiatoua villosa as potent AChE inhibitors (Lee et al, 2004, Heo et al, 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of some selected Nigerian medicinal plants

Elufioye¹,

Obuotor²,

Sennuga³

et al. 2010

Rev. bras. farmacogn.

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RESUMO: "Atividade inibitória da acetilcolinesterase e butirilcolinesterase de algumas plantas medicinais da Nigéria". As plantas podem ser úteis para estimular a memória, bem como serem usadas para combater o envelhecimento. Vinte e duas plantas, de dezesseis famílias, foram investigadas in vitro oara verificar sua atividade inibidora das enzimas acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e butirilcolinesterase (BuChE) pelo método espectrofotométrico de Ellman in situ e métodos de bioautografia utilizando fisostigmina como padrão. Pelo menos três partes morfológicas de cada planta foram analisadas e a concentração de ensaio foi de 42,5 µg/mL. Algumas plantas foram ativas em ambas as enzimas, embora com algumas partes mais ativas que outras. A casca da raiz de Spondias mombin apresentou a maior atividade as duas enzimas, 64,77% para AChE e 83,94% para BuChE. Outras partes das plantas selecionadas apresentaram boa seletividade em suas ações. As plantas seletivamente ativos contra AChE foram as casca do caule e casca da raiz de Alchornia laxiflora (41,12%), e casca da raiz de Callophyllum inophyllurn (56,52%). As folhas de C. jagus (74,25%), folhas de Morinda lucida (40,15%), folhas e casca do caule de Peltophorum pterocarpum (49,5% e 68,85%, respectivamente), physiostigmine inibiu 90,31%. Em geral, atividades melhoras foram apresentadas contra BuChE. Folhas, casca da raiz e casca do caule Bombax bromoposenze foram particularmente ativos. A inibição foi acima de 80%. Outras partes de algumas espécies também foram seletivas, como as partes aéreas de Antiaris africana, Cissampelos owarensis (78,96%), folhas e casca do caule de Combretum molle (90,42% e 88,13%, respectivamente), casca da raiz e de tubérculos de Dioscorea dumentorum (mais de 87%), folhas de G cola, cascas de raiz de Markhamia tomentosa, casca do caule de Pycnanthus angolensis e folhas de Tetrapleura tetraptera. A maioria destas plantas são utilizadas como alimentos ou ingredientes alimentares na Nigéria e podem ser responsáveis pela baixa incidência da doença de Alzheimer no país e desempenhar determinadas funções na mediação da doença.Unitermos: Plantas medicinais, acetilcolinesterase, butrilcolinesterase, perda da memória. ABSTRACT:Plants have been found to be useful as memory enhansers as well as antiaging. Twenty two of such plants from sixteen families were investigated for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activities using the in vitro Ellman's spectrophotometric and in situ bioautographic methods with physostigmine as standard. At least three morphological parts were examined for each of the plants investigated and the test concentration was 42.5 μg/ mL. Some plants were active on both enzymes though with some morphological parts being more active than others. The root bark of Spondias mombin showed the highest activity to the two enzymes; 64.77% and 83.94% on AChE and BuChE respectively. Other plant parts of the selected plants exhibited some remarkable selectivity in their actions. Those selectively active against...

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Phytomedicine

Malik¹

2017

Neuroprotective Effects of Phytochemicals in Neurological Disorders

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A comparative study in rodents of standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba

Cited by 237 publications

References 20 publications

Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb761 Facilitates Extinction of Conditioned Fear Measured by Fear-Potentiated Startle

Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb761 Facilitates Extinction of Conditioned Fear Measured by Fear-Potentiated Startle

Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of some selected Nigerian medicinal plants

Phytomedicine

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