A comparative study of cobra (Naja) venom enzymes

Tan, Nget-Hong; Tan, Chon-Seng

doi:10.1016/0305-0491(88)90329-x

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The LAAO activity of the CR and NK venoms was determined using an enzyme-coupled assay, as described previously (Tan and Tan, 1988). The assay mixture contained 0.025 mL 0.014% peroxidase and 1 mL 0.2 m triethanolamine buffer (pH 7.6) that contained 0.1% l-leucine and 0.0065% o-dianisidine.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory effect of tea polyphenols on local tissue damage induced by snake venoms

Pithayanukul

Leanpolchareanchai

Bavovada

2010

Phytotherapy Research

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The methanolic extract of fresh tea leaves of Camellia sinensis L. (Theaceae) (CS) was assayed for its potential to inhibit enzymes with hydrolytic activity in Naja naja kaouthia Lesson (Elapidae) and Calloselasma rhodostoma Kuhl (Viperidae) venoms. These snake venom enzymes are responsible for the early effects of envenomation, such as local tissue damage and inflammation. The CS extract inhibited phospholipase A(2), proteases, hyaluronidase and L-amino acid oxidase in both venoms by in vitro neutralization and inhibited the hemorrhagic and the dermonecrotic activities of the venoms in vivo. It is suggested that the inhibitory potential of the CS extract against local tissue damage induced by snake venoms may be attributed to complexation and chelation between the venom proteins and the phenolic contents of the extract.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory effect of tea polyphenols on local tissue damage induced by snake venoms

Pithayanukul

Leanpolchareanchai

Bavovada

2010

Phytotherapy Research

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“…L-Amino acid oxidase activity was determined as described in the Worthington Enzyme Manual (Tan and Tan, 1988) with some modifications. Fifty microlitre of 0.007% peroxidase (510 NIH units/mg) was added to 1 mL of 0.2 M triethanolamine buffer, pH 7.6, containing 0.1% L-leucine and 0.0065% O-dianisidine and incubated for 3 min at room temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anti‐snake venom properties of Tamarindus indica (leguminosae) seed extract

Ushanandini¹,

Nagaraju²,

Kumar

et al. 2006

Phytotherapy Research

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In Indian traditional medicine, various plants have been used widely as a remedy for treating snake bites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Tamarindus indica seed extract on the pharmacological as well as the enzymatic effects induced by V. russelli venom. Tamarind seed extract inhibited the PLA(2), protease, hyaluronidase, l-amino acid oxidase and 5'-nucleotidase enzyme activities of venom in a dose-dependent manner. These are the major hydrolytic enzymes responsible for the early effects of envenomation, such as local tissue damage, inflammation and hypotension. Furthermore, the extract neutralized the degradation of the Bbeta chain of human fibrinogen and indirect hemolysis caused by venom. It was also observed that the extract exerted a moderate effect on the clotting time, prolonging it only to a small extent. Edema, hemorrhage and myotoxic effects including lethality, induced by venom were neutralized significantly when different doses of the extract were preincubated with venom before the assays. On the other hand, animals that received extract 10 min after the injection of venom were protected from venom induced toxicity. Since it inhibits hydrolytic enzymes and pharmacological effects, it may be used as an alternative treatment to serum therapy and, in addition, as a rich source of potential inhibitors of PLA(2), metalloproteinases, serine proteases, hyaluronidases and 5 cent-nucleotidases, the enzymes involved in several physiopathological human and animal diseases.

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“…The presence of different types of nuclease activities were found in cobra venoms [32]. Thus, alkaline phosphomonoesterase (EC 3.1.3.1) and 5 -nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) activities were found in the venom of Malayan cobra N. sputatrix [15].…”

Section: Nucleasesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Hyaluronidase or hyaluronanglucosaminidase (hyaluronate glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.35) cleaves 1,4-glycosidic linkage in hyaluronan and belongs to a group of endo-beta-N-acetyl hexosaminidases. Different level of hyaluronidase activity was found in cobra venoms from different species [15,32]. However, only two enzymes from N. naja venom have been isolated so far [44,45].…”

Section: Other Hydrolasesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Non-Lethal Polypeptide Components in Cobra Venom

Utkin

Osipov²

2007

CPD

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Snakes from several genera (mostly from Naja genus) belonging to the Elapidae family are usually named cobras. The effect of cobra bites is mainly neurotoxic. This is explained by the presence of highly potent alpha-neurotoxin in their venoms. The other two highly toxic components of cobra venoms are cytotoxins and phospholipases A(2). These three types of toxins constitute a major part of cobra venom. They have attracted the attention of researchers for many years and have been very well studied and thoroughly described. However cobra venoms contain also many other less abundant components which possess very low toxicity or even are not toxic at all. These components, mostly proteins, belong to different structural and functional types, and the reason for their presence in the venom is not always evident. Some of them are known for many years (e.g., nerve growth factor and cobra venom factor); others (e.g., cysteine rich secretory proteins, CRISPs) were discovered only recently. There are non-lethal proteins with unique biological activities that can be used as biochemical tools, while others may be regarded as potential leads for drug design. This review is the first attempt to systemize the available data on non-lethal components of cobra venom.

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A comparative study of cobra (Naja) venom enzymes

Cited by 32 publications

References 11 publications

Inhibitory effect of tea polyphenols on local tissue damage induced by snake venoms

Inhibitory effect of tea polyphenols on local tissue damage induced by snake venoms

The anti‐snake venom properties of Tamarindus indica (leguminosae) seed extract

Non-Lethal Polypeptide Components in Cobra Venom

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