A Comparative Study of Effects of Smoking on Lipid Profile Among Healthy Smokers and Non-Smokers

Abstract

BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease forms a major non-communicable disease in both developed and developing countries. In western countries, older age groups are affected whereas in our country India, it is common among younger age group. Many risk factors have been evaluated. Cigarette smoking contributes for major risk factor for coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disorders. Mechanism of causing coronary artery disease is multifactorial, it has major adverse effects on lipid profile and homocysteine levels which are again risk factors for coronary artery disease. Hence, this study was undertaken to compare the effects of smoking cigarettes/beedis on lipid profile among smokers and non-smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS It was a case-control study carried out on 50 healthy smokers and 50 healthy age and weight matched non-smokers attending the medicine OPD of Basaveshwara Medical College, Chitradurga from January to April 2017. Subjects in both groups were in the age range of 25-35 yrs., with no history of alcohol abuse, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hepatic impairment, renal disease or history of drug intake which alter the lipid profile. RESULTS The mean serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum LDL-cholesterol & serum VLDL-cholesterol were significantly higher while antiatherogenic serum HDL cholesterol were significantly lower in smokers when compared with non-smokers and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Present study shows a statistically significant relationship between cigarette smoking and increased lipid profile. Thus, chronic smokers are at the significant risk of developing Coronary Heart Disease. So, smokers should be counselled and encouraged to quit smoking and adopt a healthier life style.

Association Between Smoking and Lipid Profile in Men Aged 35 to 70 Years: Dose–Response Analysis

“…The dose-response analysis showed that the chance of abnormal level of LDL and HDL in participants who smoked more than 20 pack-years, respectively, is 2.64 and 2.24 times more than participants who smoked less than 10 pack-years. Previous research has already concluded that smoking is linked to unfavorable changes in lipid profile, including elevated TC, LDL, and TG, as well as decreased HDL levels, all of which are indicators of cardiovascular risk (Girish & Harish, 2018). Hence, based on our findings, it can be concluded that smoking has a significant negative impact on HDL-cholesterol levels, even after accounting for other factors.…”

“…Previous research has already concluded that smoking is linked to unfavorable changes in lipid profile, including elevated TC, LDL, and TG, as well as decreased HDL levels, all of which are indicators of cardiovascular risk ( Girish & Harish, 2018 ). Hence, based on our findings, it can be concluded that smoking has a significant negative impact on HDL-cholesterol levels, even after accounting for other factors.…”

“…Considering our findings, as smoking intensity increases, there is a tendency for TC and TG, while LDL and HDL levels significantly disturb. Such alterations in lipid profile may contribute to the development of dyslipidemia and elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease ( Girish & Harish, 2018 ). Previous researches inferred that smoking has the potential to influence abnormal blood LDL levels by affecting oxidative stress ( Ho et al, 2021 ).…”

Different of Cholesterol Levels in Cigarette Smokers and Electronic Cigarette

“…Several studies have reported an increase in the cholesterol levels in the smoker group when compared to the non-smoker group (Alharbi, 2011;Devaranavadgi et al, 2012;Gopdianto, Wuling & Ticoalu, 2013;Hassan et al, 2013;Adelina, Handayani & Kurniawan, 2016;Attard et al, 2017;Girish & Harish, 2018). However, the studies on differences in cholesterol levels in tobacco smokers and electronic-cigarette smokers are limited.…”

“…Nicotine, a poison contained in smoke tobacco, is known to have an effect on the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol which can then change the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Changes in lipid metabolism can initiates dyslipidemia (Girish & Harish, 2018). Therefore, this study aimed to compare the cholesterol levels in tobacco smokers and electronic smokers.…”