A Comparative Study of the Properties of Gelatin (Porcine and Bovine)-Based Edible Films Loaded with Spearmint Essential Oil

Abstract

Gelatin (bovine/porcine)-based edible films are considered as an excellent carrier for essential oils (EOs) to preserve food quality and extend their shelf life. Spearmint essential oil (SEO) is known for its potential antioxidant and antimicrobial effects; nevertheless, its food applications are limited due to the volatile nature of its active components. Thus, edible films loaded with essential oil can be an alternative to synthetic preservatives to improve their food applications. In the present study, the effect of SEO addition was investigated on the physicochemical properties of bovine and porcine gelatin films, and antioxidant activity was assessed. GCMS (Gas chromatography mass spectrometry) analysis revealed the presence of carvone (55%) and limonene (25.3%) as major components. The incorporation of SEO into the films decreased the opacity, moisture content, water solubility, and elongation at break of bovine and porcine gelatin films. However, with the addition of EO, the thickness and water vapor permeability of bovine and porcine-based gelatin films increased. Moreover, the addition of SEO increased the tensile strength (TS) of the porcine-based film, whereas bovine samples demonstrated a decrease in tensile strength. XRD (X-ray diffraction) findings revealed a decrease in the percentage crystallinity of both types of gelatin films. SEM (scanning electron microscope) results showed the changes in the morphology of films after the addition of SEO. Antioxidant properties significantly increased with the incorporation of EO (p < 0.05) when compared with control films. Therefore, the addition of SEO to gelatin-based edible films could be an effective approach to prepare an active food packaging material to prevent food oxidation.

A novel film based on a cellulose/sodium alginate/gelatin composite activated with an ethanolic fraction of Boswellia sacra oleo gum resin

“…The morphological properties of the prepared film samples were analyzed utilizing a JSM6510LA Analytical Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) apparatus manufactured by Jeol, a company located in Tokyo, Japan. The examination followed the methodology specified in our prior research (Bhatia, al‐Harrasi, Jawad, Shah, et al., 2023 ).…”

Development of Human-Derived Photocrosslinkable Gelatin Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

“…48 The differences in the isolation process result in the formation of more polydisperse polymer chains in type B gelatin compared to type A, which in turn affects the tertiary structure, rheology, thermostability, and mechanical strength and cytocompatibility of the hydrogels. 46,47 In addition, the changes in amino acid composition can affect the organization of the extracellular matrix, which can alter or dysregulate the cell functions and result in unpredicted consequences. 49 The successful implementation of animal-derived gelatin sources in tissue engineering can be further limited due to the potential immunological risks and religious and regulatory restrictions.…”

“…GMA, on the other hand, modifies gelatin through interactions with carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups or amino and hydroxyl groups depending on the pH of the reaction . The efficiency of methacrylate modification can be adjusted depending on the amount of MA or GMA added to the reaction mixture. , However, many groups are still working to enhance the available protocols for methacrylate functionalization of these gelatin sources to explore or tailor their properties more precisely, understand their functionality, and increase the utility in biomedical applications. ,,,,,,,,− For example, Li et al used a sequential modification approach to incorporate both MA and GMA (GelMAGMA) to gelatin on the amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups and obtained highly cross-linked and mechanically stable gelatin hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering . It is important to note that the amino acid composition of gelatin varies depending on the collagen source and hydrolysis process. , For example, both bovine- and porcine-derived gelatin possess more hydrophobic groups than fish gelatin, which gives MA or GMA fewer modification sites and results in a hydrogel with decreased mechanical strength .…”

“…In addition, gelatin extracted from highly cross-linked tissues is typically obtained by alkali pretreatment (type B) to break the covalent bonds between the α-chains, while the less cross-linked tissues are hydrolyzed in acidic condition (type A) . The differences in the isolation process result in the formation of more polydisperse polymer chains in type B gelatin compared to type A, which in turn affects the tertiary structure, rheology, thermostability, and mechanical strength and cytocompatibility of the hydrogels. , In addition, the changes in amino acid composition can affect the organization of the extracellular matrix, which can alter or dysregulate the cell functions and result in unpredicted consequences . The successful implementation of animal-derived gelatin sources in tissue engineering can be further limited due to the potential immunological risks and religious and regulatory restrictions. − Therefore, gelatin derived from human sources is anticipated to address these limitations.…”

Biocompatibility of Membranes Based on a Mixture of Chitosan and Lythri herba Aqueous Extract

“…New biopolymer research trends focus mostly on the development of multifunctional [9] and intelligent films [10,11] with antibacterial, antioxidant and pH-responsive properties intended for the food packaging industry [12] and on advanced biomaterials for pharmaceutical or biomedical fields [9,[13][14][15]. Consequently, emphasis is placed on the mass production of natural, non-toxic, biodegradable, eco-friendly, easy to procure and relatively cheap materials, such as gelatin [16,17], chitosan [18][19][20], chitin [21,22], collagen [23,24] and cellulose [25,26], in order to achieve diverse biomedical, environmental and food applications.…”