A Comparative Study of the Inflorescence in the Genus Carex (Cyperaceae)

Molina, Ana María Anguiano; Acedo, Carmen; Llamas, Félix

doi:10.1600/036364412x635430

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Greig‐Smith, ; Zuk, ; Freeman et al., ; Heemskerk et al., ; De Jong et al., ; Glawe and de Jong, , ; Shannon and Holsinger, ), but the latter phenomenon has escaped the attention of scientists. Apart from the study on Carex (Molina et al., ) few theories have so far been proposed for the latter, since a similarly complex integration of the segregation of unisexual flowers within the inflorescence has rarely been documented in flowering plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One example of the latter is found in the distribution patterns of unisexual flowers on and between plants in Carex (Cyperaceae), mostly comprising perennial herbs from moist habitats. Especially in the Core‐ Carex ‐clade containing about 1500 species and the Vignea ‐clade containing about 300 species (Escudero et al., ), there are a wide range of different arrangements of male and female flowers within the inflorescence (Molina et al., ). The patterns found in Carex are probably comparable to those found in Urtica .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The geometry of gender: hyper‐diversification of sexual systems in Urtica L. (Urticaceae)

Grosse-Veldmann

Weigend

2017

Cladistics

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Urtica L. (Urticaceae) is generally reported as a genus of monoecious and dioecious taxa. However, the gender information found in the literature does not at all reflect the actual diversity of gender patterns in Urtica. Dioecy appears to be truly absent from Urtica, but otherwise there has been a major diversification in the geometry of gender and no comparable patterns exist in other plant groups. Thus, we here define technical terms for all unique architectural types of monoecy found in Urtica and closely related genera and reconstruct the ancestral gender states in a Bayesian framework. Our studies are based on a near‐comprehensive sampling, including 61 of the 63 Urtica species recognized. We report polygamy, two types of gynodioecy and five different architectural types of monoecy. A total of 15 switches appear to have taken place within the genus. Although gender characteristics have diversified strongly, they are relatively conserved within clades. Monoecy is the predominant sexual system within Urtica and specifically basiandrous monoecy (i.e. basal inflorescence branches of each individual male only, apical branches female) is the most widespread type, reported for 11 different clades. In particular, it characterizes the basally branching pilulifera‐clade and the sister genus Zhengyia, and may thus represent the plesiomorphic condition for Urtica. Gender distribution and gross morphology appear to evolve largely independently from each other and gender distribution is largely independent of growth habit. However, polygamous taxa are most common amongst rhizomatous perennials (one‐third of the taxa).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The geometry of gender: hyper‐diversification of sexual systems in Urtica L. (Urticaceae)

Grosse-Veldmann

Weigend

2017

Cladistics

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“…Snell, ; Blaser, ; Levyns, ; Holttum, ; Kukkonen, , , ; Kern, ; Eiten, ; Smith & Faulkner, ; Goetghebeur, ; Reznicek, ; Bruhl, ; Timonen, ; Richards, Bruhl & Wilson, ; Prychid & Bruhl, ). Detailed new typological interpretations of inflorescence structure in tribe Cariceae (Vegetti, , ; Guarise & Vegetti, ; Molina, Acedo & Llamas, ; Reutemann et al ., ) and ontogenetic studies of floral development in Cariceae using scanning electron microscopy published during the last decade (Vrijdaghs et al ., , ; Gehrke et al ., ) demonstrate the similarities in basic architecture of the inflorescence. The terminology used to describe inflorescences in Cariceae has been applied inconsistently (Reznicek, ; Kukkonen, ; Vegetti, ; Molina et al ., ; Reutemann et al ., ) and efforts to apply typological principles to inflorescence description strictly, whilst demonstrating the similarity in inflorescence architecture across Cariceae, have also resulted in a proliferation of terminology unfamiliar to non‐specialists.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Molina et al . () used the term pseudospike rather than spike to indicate that these aggregations of flowers are not true spikes because they often include flowers that are at different branching orders in the inflorescence. That is, the axis of the so‐called spike may bear male flowers directly, but each female flower is borne in a perigynium on a rachilla that is actually a higher order branch (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MakingCarexmonophyletic (Cyperaceae, tribe Cariceae): a new broader circumscription

et al. 2015

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Carex (Cyperaceae), with an estimated 2000 species, nearly cosmopolitan distribution and broad range of habitats, is one of the largest angiosperm genera and the largest in the temperate zone. In this article, we provide argument and evidence for a broader circumscription of Carex to add all species currently classified in Cymophyllus (monotypic), Kobresia (c. 60 species), Schoenoxiphium (c. 15 species) and Uncinia (c. 70 species) to those currently classified as Carex. Carex and these genera comprise tribe Cariceae (subfamily Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae) and form a well‐supported monophyletic group in all molecular phylogenetic studies to date. Carex as defined here in the broad sense currently comprises at least four clades. Three are strongly supported (Siderostictae, core Vignea and core Carex), whereas the caricoid clade, which includes all the segregate genera, receives only weak to moderate support. The caricoid clade is most commonly split into two clades, one including a monophyletic Schoenoxiphium and two small clades of species of Carex s.s., and the other comprising Kobresia, Uncinia and mostly unispicate species of Carex s.s. Morphological variation is high in all but the Vignea clade, making it extremely difficult to define consistent synapomorphies for most clades. However, Carex s.l. as newly circumscribed here is clearly differentiated from the sister groups in tribe Scirpeae by the transition from bisexual flowers with a bristle perianth in the sister group to unisexual flowers without a perianth in Carex. The naked female flowers of Carex s.l. are at least partially enclosed in a flask‐shaped prophyll, termed a perigynium. Carex s.s. is not only by far the largest genus in the group, but also the earliest published name. As a result, only 72 new combinations and 58 replacement names are required to treat all of tribe Cariceae as a single genus Carex. We present the required transfers here, with synonymy, and we argue that this broader monophyletic circumscription of Carex reflects the close evolutionary relationships in the group and serves the goal of nomenclatural stability better than other possible treatments. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179, 1–42.

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“…Bisexual spikes are common in dioecious sedges and represent an intermediate stages of sex expression (Martens 1939). They may also occur in monoecious sedges (Smith and Faulkner 1976, Molina et al 2012, Więcław et al 2016. Individuals with abnormal bisexual spikes are usually omitted in identification keys and taxonomic descriptions, despite the fact that the inflorescence structure and distribution of sexual types of flowers represent diagnostic traits in the genus Carex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual lability during an individual's life: the case of the sedge Carex secalina

Bogdanowicz

Lembicz

Zukowski

2019

Nordic Journal of Botany

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Various environmental and physiological factors that affect sex expression in plants have been identified. We made the presumption that in perennials, age may be a key factor that significantly diversifies sex expression over consecutive years of an individual's life. To test this hypothesis, we chose the sedge Carex secalina, a plant that reproduces only sexually and exhibits different sex expression patterns. These patterns had been previously observed in natural populations. In a four‐year experiment, the sex of spikes formed on reproductive tillers of 100 individuals originating from three populations was monitored. A significant association between individuals’ age and number of female/male spikes was found for each population. In addition, significant differences between the populations in the ratio of shoots with bisexual spikes to shoots with unisexual spikes were revealed. We also showed that the proportion of shoots with bisexual spikes in the individual populations changed significantly with the age of an individual and that in the successive years of the individual's life, the production level of female and male structures changed. Moreover, an age‐dependent decrease in both the number and length of female and male spikes was observed.

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A Comparative Study of the Inflorescence in the Genus Carex (Cyperaceae)

Abstract: BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

Cited by 13 publications

References 33 publications

The geometry of gender: hyper‐diversification of sexual systems in Urtica L. (Urticaceae)

The geometry of gender: hyper‐diversification of sexual systems in Urtica L. (Urticaceae)

MakingCarexmonophyletic (Cyperaceae, tribe Cariceae): a new broader circumscription

Sexual lability during an individual's life: the case of the sedge Carex secalina

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