A comparative study of women environmental defenders’ antiviolent success strategies

Anthropause appreciation, biophilia, and ecophilosophical contemplations amidst a global pandemic

“…The overall gender difference appears in line with findings from most of the literature examining environmental attitudes and behaviour ( Dhenge, Ghadge, Ahire, Gorantiwar, & Shinde, 2022 ; Fisher et al, 2012 ). While this may suggest the importance of female environmental advocates, change agents, and decision-makers, from a global standpoint, such responsibility placed on women's shoulders is laden with challenges, given women's social positions in society and vulnerabilities (for in-depth discussions, see Nasrin, 2012 ; Resurrección, 2013 ; Shanley, Silva, Trilby, & Silva, 2018 ; Shinbrot, Wilkins, Gretzel, & Bowser, 2019 ; Tran, 2021 ). In addition to patriarchal structures, hidden aspects such as a lack of self-confidence can impede women's access to environmental leadership roles ( Shinbrot et al, 2019 ).…”

Not victims, but fighters: A global overview on women's leadership in anti-mining struggles

“…Tran et al (2020) presented 35 cases of murdered Women Environmental Defenders, raising the issue of violence against female leaders involved in socio-environmental conflicts. Tran (2021) has also shown how some of these women enact different strategies to cope with these violent situations.…”

“…Even though these forms of violence affected women in mining territories in general, these impacts were more strongly experienced by those who are more visible in their opposition. Across all cases, at least 10 activists were assassinated, while many others were subjected to different forms of violence and coercive methods (see Tran, 2021;Tran et al, 2020). For instance, Dora Recinos Soto received a deadly gun shot for her opposition to the El Dorado mine in El Salvador (case 042).…”

“…While the Environmental Justice literature tends to focus on multi-site analysis of socio-environmental conflicts, often stressing commonalities in struggles taking place on a global scale, women's perspectives and actions have not always had visibility in environmental justice debates (Pellow, 2018), with some exceptions (see Di Chiro, 2005;Kirk, 1997;Krauss, 1993;Larkins, 2018;Perkins, 2012;Stein, 2004;Tran, 2021;Tran et al, 2020). The gendered dimension of mining conflicts is seldom analyzed (Conde, 2017).…”

Environmental defenders suffering death threats and "under protection" in the state of Pará, Eastern Amazonia, Brazil

“…However, by the end of 2020, there were 78 cases being followed, with 50 cases being men, 13 of them under analysis, and 28 cases women, 11 of them still under analysis. Women are now more central to environmental defense campaigns, rather than being marginal, or concealed by aggregate data (Tran et al, 2020;Tran, 2021). In some cases they are central to campaigning against rights violations, becoming the main targets and most vulnerable to violence, prejudice, exclusion and repudiation, and sexual violence.…”