A comparative total cost of ownership analysis of heavy duty on-road and off-road vehicles powered by hydrogen, electricity, and diesel

Rout, Cameron; Li, Hu; Dupont, Valerie; Wadud, Zia

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12417

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This was also echoed by Wang et al [15] and Fiquet et al [22], who suggested that with reduced hydrogen fuel costs, FCEVs could become a more economically viable option. However, at current high hydrogen energy prices, FCEVs lack economic advantages [23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Regions Tco Components Energy Price Assumptions Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Fuel Cell vs. Battery Electric Trucks: Economic Perspectives in Alignment with China’s Carbon Neutrality Target

Mu,

Zhao,

Bai

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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The electrification of heavy-duty trucks stands as a critical and challenging cornerstone in the low-carbon transition of the transportation sector. This paper employs the total cost of ownership (TCO) as the economic evaluation metric, framed within the context of China’s ambitious goals for heavy truck electrification by 2035. A detailed TCO model is developed, encompassing not only the vehicles but also their related energy replenishing infrastructures. This comprehensive approach enables a sophisticated examination of the economic feasibility for different deployment contexts of both fuel cell and battery electric heavy-duty trucks, emphasizing renewable energy utilization. This study demonstrates that in the context where both fuel cell components and hydrogen energy are costly, fuel cell trucks (FCTs) exhibit a significantly higher TCO compared to battery electric trucks (BETs). Specifically, for a 16 ton truck with a 500 km range, the TCO for the FCT is 0.034 USD/tkm, representing a 122% increase over its BET counterpart. In the case of a 49 ton truck designed for a 1000 km range, the TCO for the FCT is 0.024 USD/tkm, marking a 36% premium compared to the BET model. The technological roadmap suggests a narrowing cost disparity between FCTs and BETs by 2035. For the aforementioned 16 ton truck model, the projected TCO for the FCT is expected to be 0.016 USD/tkm, which is 58% above the BET, and for the 49 ton variant, it is anticipated at 0.012 USD per ton-kilometer, narrowing the difference to just 4.5% relative to BET. Further analysis within this study on the influences of renewable energy pricing and operational range on FCT and BET costs highlights a pivotal finding: for the 49 ton truck, achieving TCO parity between FCTs and BETs is feasible when renewable energy electricity prices fall to 0.022 USD/kWh or when the operational range extends to 1890 km. This underscores the critical role of energy costs and efficiency in bridging the cost gap between FCTs and BETs.

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Section: Regions Tco Components Energy Price Assumptions Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Fuel Cell vs. Battery Electric Trucks: Economic Perspectives in Alignment with China’s Carbon Neutrality Target

Mu,

Zhao,

Bai

et al. 2024

Sustainability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The current hydrogen truck used in the TCO studies are much higher than those of diesel trucks (Table S2). The difference ranges from 20% [13] in the UK to 400% in China according to [14]. Because, at the time of the writing of the studies, almost no hydrogen trucks were sold in the market, most studies relied on a bottom up modeling approach (e.g., FASTSim is used by [15]).…”

Section: Vehicle Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ref. [13] based their estimates on sources that indicate savings of 30% compared to diesel trucks, similarly to [14] for the Chinese case. Ref.…”

Section: Maintenance Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other authors [13,14,16,21] do not explicitly consider these costs. Instead, they include the cost of labor that is assumed to be differentiated by size of truck but not by type of fuel.…”

Section: Dwell Time Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So much so that [15] opted not to include it in the model, because of the lack of reliable information. Other authors [13,21] resorted to supporting hypotheses, such as assuming the same depreciation rate as diesel trucks, therefore giving up the idea of taking into account the differences between engines. Alternatively, ref.…”

Section: Resale and Salvage Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Economic Competitiveness of Hydrogen Fuel Cell-Powered Trucks: A Review of Total Cost of Ownership Estimates

Danielis,

Scorrano,

Masutti

et al. 2024

Energies

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This paper investigates the economic competitiveness of hydrogen-powered trucks. It reviews the growing number of papers that provide an estimate of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of hydrogen-powered trucks relative to their diesel equivalents. It examines the methodology applied, the variables considered, the data used for estimation, and the results obtained. All reviewed studies conclude that hydrogen-powered trucks are not currently cost-competitive, while they might become competitive after 2030. The conclusion holds across truck types and sizes, hydrogen pathways, mission profiles, and countries. However, we find that there is still a huge area of uncertainty regarding the purchase price of hydrogen-powered trucks and the cost of hydrogen, which hampers the reliability of the results obtained. Various areas of methodological improvements are suggested.

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Current Status and Future Perspectives for Mobility Options Toward Sustainable Transportation With a Focus on Fuel Cells

Farooq,

Cora

2024

WIREs Energy & Environment

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This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of five different vehicle technologies with a particular emphasis on fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) in comparison to conventional gasoline and diesel ICEs, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and electric vehicle (EV) technologies. Key parameters in comparison included greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), social cost of carbon (SCC), energy efficiency, fuel consumption, fuel price, driving range, and total cost of ownership (TCO). A normalization approach is employed to rank the technologies across parameters, providing valuable insights for sustainable transportation decision‐making. FCV technology showed the highest average performance (5.343/10) followed by EV technology (4.760/10). The paper also presents current and anticipated hydrogen demand and supply centers, accompanied by a brief overview of commercially available fuel cell technologies. Finally, the sustainability of FCV technology as well as economic, legal, and infrastructural limitations associated with the widespread adoption are also discussed.

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A comparative total cost of ownership analysis of heavy duty on-road and off-road vehicles powered by hydrogen, electricity, and diesel

Cited by 30 publications

References 14 publications

Evaluating Fuel Cell vs. Battery Electric Trucks: Economic Perspectives in Alignment with China’s Carbon Neutrality Target

Evaluating Fuel Cell vs. Battery Electric Trucks: Economic Perspectives in Alignment with China’s Carbon Neutrality Target

The Economic Competitiveness of Hydrogen Fuel Cell-Powered Trucks: A Review of Total Cost of Ownership Estimates

Current Status and Future Perspectives for Mobility Options Toward Sustainable Transportation With a Focus on Fuel Cells

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