A comparison between 4-bit fixed and reconfigurable microwave discriminators for frequency identification

Abstract

This paper presents a comparison between fixed and reconfigurable 4-bit microwave discriminators. The fixed discriminator is implemented by using multi-band-stop filters to define bits used for frequency identification. The reconfigurable discriminator is implemented by using delay lines and two SPQT switches. Both designs operate at L and S bands, a comparison between both devices is provided, including simulated and measured responses for both designs.

Integrated microwave frequency discriminator with rat-race 3dB hybrids

“…They can be used where precision is not a main requirement but size of device is the more important parameter. Increasing the measurement accuracy using single-function discriminators very similar to those described in 11 was obtained in multi-channel devices containing several delay lines with different electrical lengths 13,14,15 . The so-called quadrature microwave frequency discriminators (QMFD) 1-6, 7, 8 have a higher resolution of frequency measurement, but also a greater complexity of their structures.…”

2.45 GHz Band Quadrature Microwave Frequency Discriminators with Integrated Correlators Based on Power Dividers and Rat-Race Hybrids

“…Moreover, MFDs and MPhDs are attractive for phase noise measurements of microwave oscillators [11][12][13][14][15][16]. They can also work as simple demodulators in microwave FM receivers [17,18] and in monopulse direction finding systems of microwave emitters [19] and can be used for frequency identification [20]. Small-size microwave frequency discriminators can also work as blocks of passive radars for fast measurement of temporary values of parameters (pulse duration, temporary frequency, phase, and strength) of signals emitted by so-called emitters of opportunity.…”