A comparison between microalgal autotrophic growth and metabolite accumulation with heterotrophic, mixotrophic and photoheterotrophic cultivation modes

Abreu, Ana Paula; Morais, Rui C.; Teixeira, J. A.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112247

Cited by 85 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 190 publications

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“…Generally, higher optical densities were obtained under mixotrophic conditions compared to heterotrophic conditions. The intensive green colour of the culture grown under mixotrophic conditions indicated synthesis of chlorophylls and, to a weaker extent, in the absence of light (heterotrophic conditions), as observed for several Chlorella vulgaris strains [8,15,37]. However, the intensity of the green colour of the control culture (phototrophic culture) was significantly stronger compared to the mixotrophically grown culture, suggesting that photosynthesis was inhibited by the organic carbon source, which is already confirmed in Chlorella strains [16].…”

Section: Utilisation Of Different Carbon Sources and Effect Of Carbon...supporting

confidence: 56%

“…Compared to phototrophic cultivation, growth on organic carbon provides higher specific growth rates, biomass, product yields, and productivity. Mixotrophic growth combines the advantages of heterotrophic and phototrophic growth, increasing productivity due to the heterotrophic metabolism and CO2 sequestration during photosynthesis, resulting, most often, in a higher biomass yield compared to other tropic modes of cultivation [8,9]. Very often, biomass and lipid yield obtained under mixotrophic growth conditions exceeds the sum of that obtained under heterotrophic and phototrophic growth conditions, indicating favourable effects of mixotrophic cultivation on microalgal growth [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultivation of a Novel Strain of Chlorella vulgaris S2 under Phototrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic Conditions, and Effects on Biomass Growth and Composition

Grubišić,

Peremin,

Djedović

et al. 2024

Fermentation

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Microalgal biomass is an excellent platform for producing food, feed, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the trophic mode of cultivation (phototrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic) on the growth and biomass composition of Chlorella vulgaris S2. The contents of lipids and carbohydrates, as well as the fatty acid composition of total lipids, were studied. The effects of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) and the organic carbon concentration of the growth media under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions were also investigated. The C:N ratio of 30 mol mol−1 favoured lipid synthesis, and the C:N ratio of 10 mol mol−1 favoured carbohydrate synthesis. Maximal lipid and biomass productivities (2.238 and 0.458 g L−1 d−1, respectively) were obtained under mixotrophic conditions at the C:N ratio of 50 mol mol−1 and glucose concentration of 50 g L−1. Fed-batch cultivation conducted in a stirrer tank bioreactor under heterotrophic growth conditions increased biomass (2.385 g L−1 d−1, respectively) and lipid (0.339 L−1 d−1) productivities ~50 and ~60 times compared to the fed-batch phototrophic cultivation, respectively. The trophic mode, growth phase, and growth medium composition significantly influenced the fatty acid composition. Under mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth conditions, lipid accumulation is associated with an increase in oleic acid (C18:1) content. Mixotrophically grown biomass of Chlorella vulgaris S2 under optimised conditions is a suitable source of lipids for biodiesel production.

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Section: Utilisation Of Different Carbon Sources and Effect Of Carbon...supporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultivation of a Novel Strain of Chlorella vulgaris S2 under Phototrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic Conditions, and Effects on Biomass Growth and Composition

Grubišić,

Peremin,

Djedović

et al. 2024

Fermentation

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“…The newest literature review [ 12 ] shows that there are only several reports of assessment of microalgal proteins in mixotrophic conditions. Additionally, cultures with enhanced protein production are poorly documented and analyzed, and the results of research on the biochemical composition of algal cells in mixotrophic conditions vary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most preferable microalgal trophic mode is mixotrophic cultivation [ 11 ]. Microalgal cells can utilize organic carbon sources (OCSs) and CO 2 simultaneously, which contributes to a very rapid increase in cell biomass [ 12 ]. The mixotrophic mode based on the use of residues from agro-industry as a source of organic carbon seems to be the most beneficial solution in terms of economy and environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic and Proteomic Analysis of Chlorella sorokiniana, Chloroidium saccharofilum, and Chlorella vulgaris Cells Cultured in Autotrophic, Photoheterotrophic, and Mixotrophic Cultivation Modes

Piasecka

Baier

2022

Molecules

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Chlorella is one of the most well-known microalgal genera, currently comprising approximately a hundred species of single-celled green algae according to the AlgaeBase. Strains of the genus Chlorella have the ability to metabolize both inorganic and organic carbon sources in various trophic modes and synthesize valuable metabolites that are widely used in many industries. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of three trophic modes on the growth parameters, productivities of individual cell components, and biochemical composition of Chlorella sorokiniana, Chloroidium saccharofilum, and Chlorella vulgaris cells with special consideration of protein profiles detected by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Mixotrophic conditions with the use of an agro-industrial by-product stimulated the growth of all Chlorella species, which was confirmed by the highest specific growth rates and the shortest biomass doubling times. The mixotrophic cultivation of all Chlorella species yielded a high amount of protein-rich biomass with reduced contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and carbohydrates. Additionally, this work provides the first information about the proteome of Chloroidium saccharofilum, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Chlorella vulgaris cells cultured in molasses supplementation conditions. The proteomic analysis of the three Chlorella species growing photoheterotrophically and mixotrophically showed increased accumulation of proteins involved in the cell energy metabolism and carbon uptake, photosynthesis process, and protein synthesis, as well as proteins involved in intracellular movements and chaperone proteins.

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“…Cultivation under heterotrophic conditions can not only circumvent the limitations of light experienced under photoautotrophy but also allows environmental factors (e.g., temperature, pH value, and dissolved oxygen) and the addition of nutrients during microalgal fermentation to be precisely controlled according to their optimal requirements. Consequently, the growth rate and biomass yield of microalgae under heterotrophy are much higher than those under photoautotrophy 122 . Previous calculations have shown that the maximum biomass of microalgae under heterotrophy is, on average, 10 times higher than that under photoautotrophy 123 .…”

Section: Intensive High‐density Cultivation Of Microalgaementioning

confidence: 93%

Microalgae as feed sources and feed additives for sustainable aquaculture: Prospects and challenges

Ma,

2023

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Aquaculture is an essential source of protein and essential fatty acids for humans. However, the sustainable development of aquaculture faces numerous challenges, including a shortage of high‐quality feed and feedstuff, and a degeneration in the safety and quality of aquatic products. This review explores how the use of microalgae as an aquafeed ingredient may help to solve these problems. Microalgae are a vital food source for larval bivalves, shrimps, and fish due to their high nutritional value and suitable cell size. Particularly, bivalves rely on microalgae as a direct feed source throughout their entire life cycle. Microalgae are also indispensable food sources or nutrient supplements for secondary live prey, including rotifers, Artemia, and copepods. Microalgae containing a large amount of protein and lipid can be used as alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeed. Moreover, microalgae are rich in ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamins, and β‐glucan. These bioactive substances can be used as feed additives to improve the growth rate, skin coloration, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and survival rate of aquatic animals. However, the high production cost of microalgae limits its widespread application in aquaculture. Recent advancements in the technology used to culture microalgae intensively, especially fermentation technology, have significantly improved the production efficiency and decreased the production cost. Therefore, accelerating the use of microalgae as aquafeed is crucial if sustainable aquaculture is to be achieved. The review concludes by discussing the opportunities and challenges involved in integrating microalgae into sustainable aquaculture and suggests a way forward.

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A comparison between microalgal autotrophic growth and metabolite accumulation with heterotrophic, mixotrophic and photoheterotrophic cultivation modes

Cited by 85 publications

References 190 publications

Cultivation of a Novel Strain of Chlorella vulgaris S2 under Phototrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic Conditions, and Effects on Biomass Growth and Composition

Cultivation of a Novel Strain of Chlorella vulgaris S2 under Phototrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic Conditions, and Effects on Biomass Growth and Composition

Metabolic and Proteomic Analysis of Chlorella sorokiniana, Chloroidium saccharofilum, and Chlorella vulgaris Cells Cultured in Autotrophic, Photoheterotrophic, and Mixotrophic Cultivation Modes

Microalgae as feed sources and feed additives for sustainable aquaculture: Prospects and challenges

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