A comparison between stereophotogrammetry and smartphone structured light technology for three-dimensional face scanning

Abstract

Objectives To compare three-dimensional facial scans obtained by stereophotogrammetry with two different applications for smartphone supporting the TrueDepth system, a structured light technology. Materials and Methods Facial scans of 40 different subjects were acquired with three different systems. The 3dMDtrio Stereophotogrammetry System (3dMD, Atlanta, Ga) was compared with a smartphone (iPhone Xs; Apple, Cupertino, Calif) equipped with the Bellus3D Face Application (version 1.6.11; Bellus3D Inc, Campbell, Calif) or Capture (version 1.2.5; Standard Cyborg Inc, San Francisco, Calif). Times of image acquisition and elaboration were recorded. The surface-to-surface deviation and the distance between 18 landmarks from 3dMD reference images to those acquired with Bellus3D or Capture were measured. Results Capturing and processing times with the smartphone applications were considerably longer than with the 3dMD system. The surface-to-surface deviation analysis between the Bellus3D and 3dMD showed an overlap percentage of 80.01% ± 5.92% and 56.62% ± 7.65% within the ranges of 1 mm and 0.5 mm discrepancy, respectively. Images from Capture showed an overlap percentage of 81.40% ± 9.59% and 56.45% ± 11.62% within the ranges of 1 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively. Conclusions The face image acquisition with the 3dMD device is fast and accurate, but bulky and expensive. The new smartphone applications combined with the TrueDepth sensors show promising results. They need more accuracy from the operator and more compliance from the patient because of the increased acquisition time. Their greatest advantages are related to cost and portability.

3D Cephalometric Normality Range: Auto Contractive Maps (ACM) Analysis in Selected Caucasian Skeletal Class I Age Groups

“…A conventional 2D cephalometric analysis using lateral and frontal cephalograms, along with facial scanning, is currently the main diagnostic imaging modality used for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning [17,18]. The main disadvantages of the 2D…”

“…A conventional 2D cephalometric analysis using lateral and frontal cephalograms, along with facial scanning, is currently the main diagnostic imaging modality used for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning [17,18]. The main disadvantages of the 2D conventional cephalometry are represented by projective displacement, rotational errors, and linear projective transformation, which might affect the reliability and reproducibility of the relevant measurements [19].…”

3D Printed Customized Facemask for Maxillary Protraction in the Early Treatment of a Class III Malocclusion: Proof-of-Concept Clinical Case

“…Recent research has indicated that the Bellus3D application compared well with more expensive devices for face scanning in terms of accuracy [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Although the Bellus3D application has been made unavailable for download since 1 December 2021, several other systems are currently available for 3D face scanning [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Mother and Daughter Carrying of the Same Pathogenic Variant in FGFR2 with Discordant Phenotype

“…3D stereophotogrammetry and 3D scanning of the oral cavity were used in order to obtain an accurate evaluation without exposing patients to radiation [ 26 ]. The .stl files of the face were acquired with stereophotogrammetry (3dMDtrio System; 3dMD, Atlanta, GE, USA), considered the gold standard for stereophotogrammetry [ 27 ], and were then processed using the Geomagic 2014 (64 bit) software. To delineate the most peculiar facial signs of Crouzon syndrome, the following linear and surface measurements were carried out: surface measurement of eyeball protrusion (EBP) and linear measurement of inner intercanthal distance (ICD).…”