“…Traditional systems, that are mainly developed in hilly and mountainous areas, are characterized by low levels of adaptation, conversion, and mechanisation, often entailing a not economically viable crop management (Bernardi et al, 2016); on the contrary, the intensive systems are represented by higher yields (both of fruits and oil obtained), as well as higher levels of mechanization that result in high-quality olive oil production, and better levels of farm income (Giametta and Bernardi, 2010). Thus, in an increasingly competitive olive oil market, where the estimated global demand for extra virgin olive oil is steadily growing, modern intensive olive groves can represent an innovative and economically viable opportunity for farmers (Bernardi et al, 2018b;Sola-Guirado et al, 2018). Nevertheless, since the profitability of many Mediterranean olive farms depends, even now, on public subsidies, both reduction in direct payments and internal convergence processes implemented by Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2014-2020 reform will entail the decrease in direct support received by farmers, and consequently negative effect on their incomes.…”