A comparison of artificial driving sounds for automated vehicles

Abstract

This version is available at https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/54410/ Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the Strathprints administrator: strathprints@strath.ac.ukThe Strathprints institutional repository (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk) is a digital archive of University of Strathclyde research outputs. It has been developed to disseminate open access research outputs, expose data about those outputs, and enable the management and persistent access to Strathclyde's intellectual output. A Comparison of Artificial Driving Sounds for Automated Vehicles ABSTRACTAs automated vehicles currently do not provide sufficient feedback relating to the primary driving task, drivers have no assurance that an automated vehicle has understood and can cope with upcoming traffic situations [16]. To address this we conducted two user evaluations to investigate auditory displays in automated vehicles using different types of sound cues related to the primary driving sounds: acceleration, deceleration/braking, gear changing and indicating. Our first study compared earcons, speech and auditory icons with existing vehicle sounds. Our findings suggested that earcons were an effective alternative to existing vehicle sounds for presenting information related to the primary driving task. Based on these findings a second study was conducted to further investigate earcons modulated by different sonic parameters to present primary driving sounds. We discovered that earcons containing naturally mapped sonic parameters such as pitch and timbre were as effective as existing sounds in a simulated automated vehicle.

The Effect of Thermal Stimuli on the Emotional Perception of Images

“…Modal values were calculated for the emotion wheel variable. This follows the approach adopted by Beattie et al [2]. Table 2 shows the impact of stimuli intensity.…”

“…(Investigated in studies 1 and 2) RQ3: What effect does timing of thermal stimuli presentation have on the emotional perception of images? (Investigated in study 2) In the next two sections we review related work and provide an explanation of the equipment used for the two user studies. We then present our first user study procedure and results, followed by a description of our second user study and results.…”

Priming Drivers before Handover in Semi-Autonomous Cars

“…Results showed that drivers quickly transitioned to the driving task for warnings that conveyed urgency, and performance was worst for unimodal visual alerts. Other work has looked at using auditory cues to provide drivers in autonomous vehicles awareness about the environment [5].…”

“…In the post questionnaire drivers provided various scores for the different pre-alerts on a five-point scale with anchors for low (1) and high (5). In Figure 6 we present the histograms of the score for the metrics (1) annoyance, and (2) disruptiveness of the pre-alert.…”

Exploring How Drivers Perceive Spatial Earcons in Automated Vehicles

“…The driving simulator study featured two driving conditions (manual and automated) and two auditory feedback types (Existing Vehicle Sounds and Spatial Earcons). Thus, participants undertook four driving scenarios following the procedure of Beattie et al [8]. During the manual conditions (NHTSA Level 0 [43]), participants controlled Open Driving Simulator (OpenDS) software via a steering wheel and pedals.…”