A comparison of average daily gain, apparent digestibilities, energy balance, rumen fermentation parameters, and serum metabolites between yaks (Bos grunniens) and Qaidam cattle (Bos taurus) consuming diets differing in energy level

Hu, Liu; Zhou, Jianwei; Degen, A. Allan; Liu, Hongshan; Cao, Xu‐Liang; Hao, Lizhuang; Shang, Zhanhuan; Ran, Tao; Long, Ruijun

doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.015

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…In the present study, the RA of Bacteroidetes decreased linearly and of Firmicutes increased linearly with increasing energy level, as was also reported in other yaks (Hu et al, 2020) and in goats (Min et al, 2019). The increased F:B ratio with increasing energy levels is in agreement with Liu et al (2022), who also reported a linear increase in average daily gain (ADG) in yaks and cattle with increasing energy levels. A lower ratio of F:B was linked to an inhibition of fat deposition and decreased ADG of the host animal (Liu et al, 2015;Hu et al, 2020).…”

Section: Effect Of Dietary Energy On Bacterial Community Compositionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Isobutyrate and isovalerate are derived mainly from hydrolyzation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; Apajalahti et al, 2019 ) and they are particularly important for fibrolytic bacteria ( Van Gylswyk, 1970 ). The linear increase in iso-VFAs with increasing energy level indicated an increased protein degradability ( Liu et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group , a member of the Rikenellaceae family, degrades cellulose and hemicellulose, with acetate as the main end product ( Sha et al, 2020 ), and this could explain the linear decrease in RA with an increase in energy level (i.e., decrease in fiber content). The greater RA of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group in yaks than in cattle could explain, at least in part, the greater fiber digestibility ( Liu et al, 2022 ) and greater molar proportion of acetate in yaks than in cattle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although yaks and Qaidam cattle are both capable of subsisting on high-fiber diets, it has been reported that yaks are less discriminate herbivores, digest fiber to a greater extent, and produce more volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial protein than cattle when fed the same diet ( Zhou et al, 2018 ; Liu et al, 2022 ). These differences between bovine species suggest they differ in their rumen microbial communities ( Huang et al, 2012 ; Zhang et al, 2016 ; Huang X. D. et al, 2021 ), that enable yaks to cope with a low-quality diet better than cattle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of rumen bacterial communities between yaks (Bos grunniens) and Qaidam cattle (Bos taurus) fed a low protein diet with different energy levels

et al. 2022

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The yak (Bos grunniens), an indigenous bovine on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP), is reported to digest low quality forage to a greater extent and to require less protein and energy for maintenance than the introduced Qaidam cattle (Bos taurus). Ruminal bacteria play a major role in feed degradation, and therefore, we hypothesized that ruminal bacteria composition would differ between yaks and cattle, and confer an advantage to yaks for poor quality diets. To test our hypothesis, we determined the ruminal bacteria profiles, rumen fermentation parameters, and enzyme activities in these bovine species consuming a low-protein diet differing in energy level. Six castrated yaks (155 ± 5.8 kg) and 6 castrated Qaidam cattle (154 ± 8.0 kg) were used in two concurrent 4 × 4 Latin square designs with 2 additional animals of each species in each period. The animals were offered a low-protein diet of 70.4 g/kg dry matter (DM) and one of four metabolizable energy levels, namely 6.62, 8.02, 9.42, and 10.80 MJ/kg. Ruminal pH, concentrations of ammonia-N and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), the molar proportion of acetate, and the ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P) were greater (P < 0.05), whereas the molar proportion of propionate was lesser (P = 0.043) in yaks than in cattle. With increasing dietary energy level, ruminal pH, the molar proportion of acetate and the ratio of A:P decreased linearly (P < 0.05), whereas, the concentration of total VFAs, molar proportions of propionate, butyrate, iso-butyrate, and iso-valerate and concentration of ammonia-N increased linearly (P < 0.05). The relative abundance (RA) of Firmicutes increased linearly (P < 0.01), whereas, the RA of Bacteroidetes decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing energy level in both bovine species. The RAs of Prevotella and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing energy level in both yaks and cattle. The RAs of fibrolytic (e.g., Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group), and H2-incorporating (e.g., Quinella) bacteria were greater (P < 0.05) in yaks than in cattle. We concluded that the two bovines differ in ruminal bacterial profiles and rumen fermentation parameters, and confer an advantage to yaks over cattle in consuming a low protein diet with differing energy level.

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Section: Effect Of Dietary Energy On Bacterial Community Compositionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of rumen bacterial communities between yaks (Bos grunniens) and Qaidam cattle (Bos taurus) fed a low protein diet with different energy levels

et al. 2022

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“…Animals need energy for all their life activities, and energy comes from fat, protein and carbohydrates in the diet [57]. Changes in the composition of these components may alter the diet energy level and also affect the metabolism of the host, and fecal microbiota and related studies have been reported in humans [58,59], mice [60], pigs [61] and cattle [62]. In the current pet food market, brands and consumers tend to pay attention to the content and source of protein in pet food and usually ignore the energy content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Diet Energy Levels Alter Body Condition, Glucolipid Metabolism, Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites in Adult Beagle Dogs

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2023

Metabolites

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Diet energy is a key component of pet food, but it is usually ignored during pet food development and pet owners also have limited knowledge of its importance. This study aimed to explore the effect of diet energy on the body condition, glucolipid metabolism, fecal microbiota and metabolites of adult beagles and analyze the relation between diet and host and gut microbiota. Eighteen healthy adult neutered male beagles were selected and randomly divided into three groups. Diets were formulated with three metabolizable energy (ME) levels: the low-energy (Le) group consumed a diet of 13.88 MJ/kg ME; the medium-energy (Me) group consumed a diet of 15.04 MJ/kg ME; and the high-energy (He) group consumed a diet of 17.05 MJ/kg ME. Moreover, the protein content of all these three diets was 29%. The experiment lasted 10 weeks, with a two-week acclimation period and an eight-week test phase. Body weight, body condition score (BCS), muscle condition score (MCS) and body fat index (BFI) decreased in the Le group, and the changes in these factors in the Le group were significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The serum glucose and lipid levels of the Le and He groups changed over time (p < 0.05), but those of the Me group were stable (p > 0.05). The fecal pH of the Le and He groups decreased at the end of the trial (p < 0.05) and we found that the profiles of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs) changed greatly, especially secondary BAs (p < 0.05). As SCFAs and secondary BAs are metabolites of the gut microbiota, the fecal microbiota was also measured. Fecal 16S rRNA gene sequencing found that the Me group had higher α-diversity indices (p < 0.05). The Me group had notably higher levels of gut probiotics, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides plebeius and Blautia producta (p < 0.05). The diet–host–fecal microbiota interactions were determined by network analysis, and fecal metabolites may help to determine the best physical condition of dogs, assisting pet food development. Overall, feeding dogs low- or high-energy diets was harmful for glucostasis and promoted the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria in the gut, while a medium-energy diet maintained an ideal body condition. We concluded that dogs that are fed a low-energy diet for an extended period may become lean and lose muscle mass, but diets with low energy levels and 29% protein may not supply enough protein for dogs losing weight.

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Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in yak ghee from different pastoral areas of China based on GC-IMS

Jiang,

Dai,

Yan

et al. 2025

International Dairy Journal

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A comparison of average daily gain, apparent digestibilities, energy balance, rumen fermentation parameters, and serum metabolites between yaks (Bos grunniens) and Qaidam cattle (Bos taurus) consuming diets differing in energy level

Cited by 14 publications

References 65 publications

Comparison of rumen bacterial communities between yaks (Bos grunniens) and Qaidam cattle (Bos taurus) fed a low protein diet with different energy levels

Comparison of rumen bacterial communities between yaks (Bos grunniens) and Qaidam cattle (Bos taurus) fed a low protein diet with different energy levels

Different Diet Energy Levels Alter Body Condition, Glucolipid Metabolism, Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites in Adult Beagle Dogs

Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in yak ghee from different pastoral areas of China based on GC-IMS

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