A comparison of cardiopulmonary effects and anaesthetic requirements of two dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusions in alfaxalone-anaesthetized Greyhounds

Evaluation of the cardiorespiratory effects of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine in dogs

“…No significant difference was noted among groups in terms of blood pH levels following administration of α 2 -agonists, which is consistent with the literature (Lemke 2007). Blood pH values are usually reduced during general anaesthesia (Quiros-Carmona et al 2017). However, in the present study, no significant difference was observed in blood pH levels, since the measurements were conducted within a short term.…”

“…Xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine are extensively used α 2 -agonists. Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine have higher selectivity towards adrenergic receptors than xylazine (Sinclair 2003;Lamont et al 2012;Quiros-Carmona et al 2017).…”

“…), whereas at higher doses (3 µg/kg, i.v.) well-recognized cardiopulmonary effects of α 2 -agonists are observed (Murrell and Hellebrekers 2005;Lemke 2007;Cardoso et al 2014;Lee et al 2015;Pascoe 2015;Quiros-Carmona et al 2017). Respiratory depression produced by the agent decreases blood pH by causing respiratory acidosis, but lactate levels remain unchanged (Quiros-Carmona et al 2014).…”

Clinical review of the pharmacological and anaesthetic effects of alfaxalone in dogs

“…In non-premedicated dogs, in which clinical doses of alfaxalone were used, the median (range) incidence of PIA was 0 (0 to 50)% (Muir et al 2008, Keates & Whittem 2012, Morgaz Rodríguez et al 2012, Costa et al 2014, Pinelas et al 2014, Hampton et al 2019a. The use of pre-anaesthetic medications increased the incidence to 9.15 (0 to 70)% (Ambros et al 2008, Maddern et al 2010, Psatha et al 2011, O'Hagan et al 2012, Suarez et al 2012, Herbert et al 2013, Pinelas et al 2014, Quiros-Carmona et al 2014, Dehuisser et al 2017, Muñoz et al 2017, Quiros-Carmona et al 2017, White & Yates 2017, Bigby et al 2017a, Italiano & Robinson 2018, Zapata et al 2018, Hunt et al 2019, Miller et al 2019, Dehuisser et al 2019b, Bustamante et al 2020. However, no differences were found comparing acepromazine versus dexmedetomidine (Herbert et al 2013, Bigby et al 2017a, Dehuisser et al 2019b or methadone alone versus methadone-dexmedetomidine combination (Pinelas et al 2014).…”

“…Even when used for TIVA, recovery from alfaxalone have been satisfactory in most of the cases (Ambros et al 2008, Suarez et al 2012, Herbert et al 2013, Quiros-Carmona et al 2014, Liao et al 2017, Quiros-Carmona et al 2017, Bennell et al 2019, Hunt et al 2019, Dehuisser et al 2019b), but myoclonus (Quiros-Carmona et al 2017, Bennett et al 2019, muscle twitching, (Quiros-Carmona et al 2014, Bennett et al 2019, Dehuisser et al 2019b, Bustamante et al 2020) paddling, vocalisations (Bennett et al 2019Dehuisser et al 2019b;Bustamante et al 2020), excitation and dysphoria were described (Dehuisser et al 2017, Quiros-Carmona et al 2017, Dehuisser et al 2019a). Nevertheless, no difference in recovery quality was found comparing propofol versus alfaxalone TIVA (Ambros et al 2008, Suarez et al 2012, Liao et al 2017.…”