A Comparison of Computed and Observed Insolation under Clear Skies over the Pacific Ocean

Reed, Rolf K.; Brainard, R. E.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1125:acocao>2.0.co;2

Cited by 8 publications

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“…Consequently, a single monotonic equation is unable to reproduce the radiative fluxes at the surface of this basin all year round because the relationships between the amount of downward radiation and the surface meteorological parameters mutate owing to the large variation of the atmospheric features, comparable to a change in the climate zone (Schiano et al, 2000). Particularly, when ρ ≥ 15 gm −3 , the radiative bulk formulae behave in the same manner in the Mediterranean basin as they do over the tropical oceans (Reed and Brainard, 1983;Schiano et al, 2000). All these results encourage the possible use of the surface water vapour density as an effective indicator of a shift of the prevailing climate regime toward a more tropical condition.…”

Section: The Surface Water Vapour Density As a Climatic Indicatormentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of the climate variability over the Mediterranean sea by means of the surface water vapour density

Schiano

Sparnocchia

Cappa

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Many studies suggest that the climate of the Mediterranean region is shifting toward a more tropical regime. In order to verify this supposed modification, an analysis is performed using the water vapour density at the sea surface. Previous experimental results in the region show that this parameter can evidence when the tropical features of the Mediterranean climate predominate. Compared to the other common indicators like the air temperature, it gives a more comprehensive picture of any possible variation by analysing the combined effect of two distinct parameters, the air temperature and the humidity, providing at the same time additional information on the surface marine thermal stratification. The work was performed using data from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA-40 project covering the period ranging from 1958 to 2001. Yearly averages and maxima of the water vapour density were obtained from the daily mean values. The number of days of the year in which these daily means were greater/equal to 15 gm −3 , and the first and the last day of the year when they crossed this threshold were also evaluated. The investigation is carried out for the whole basin and its three main subbasins, namely, the western, the central and the eastern Mediterranean, separately. The results confirm that the occurrence of tropical features in the Mediterranean climate has been increasing in the last two decades, with a widening of the period affected by the condition and enhancement of the extreme values. This trend is detectable over the whole basin notwithstanding the very high interannual variability. The good agreement with the results obtained in other works where different variables or proxy data were used confirms that the surface water vapour density is a good indicator for detecting long term climate variability.

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Section: The Surface Water Vapour Density As a Climatic Indicatormentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of the climate variability over the Mediterranean sea by means of the surface water vapour density

Schiano

Sparnocchia

Cappa

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Climatology

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“…The isolation under clear skies was specified with the formula given by Seckel and Beaudry [1973], hereinafter called the Smithsonian formula, with coefficients appropriate for the latitude zone 20øS to 40øN. This formula was recommended in the review of various methods by Reed [1977], and additional data [Reed and Brainard, 1983] support its validity, at least equatorward of about 45 ø. The Smithsonian formula appears to have gained general acceptance and has recently been used by Reed [1978], Weare et al [1981], and Niiler and Stevenson [1982].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Heat fluxes over the eastern tropical Pacific and aspects of the 1972 El Niño

Reed¹

1983

J. Geophys. Res.

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Recently evaluated flux formulas were used with an edited ship-of-opportunity data set for the 1970's decade to derive estimates of the individual surface heat fluxes and the total or net surface energy exchange for the eastern tropical Pacific. Absorbed solar radiation is the dominant heat flux in the region, and latent heat exchange is the second most important component; total cloud cover and wind speed are generally the most significant atmospheric variables. Over much of the area, the annual excess of net surface flux appears to be balanced by heat advection in the South Equatorial Current. Although the seasonal cycles of sea surface temperature seem to be produced by variations in net surface flux over parts of the area, they do not appear to balance off Peru and near the equator. Instead, water temperature seems to be noticeably affected by the seasonal cycle of upwelling and advection along the Peru coast. This data set was also used to derive sea surface temperature and net surface heat flux departures from the mean for individual months during the 1972 El Nifio. The magnitude and speed of the initial warming along the eastern ocean margin indicate changes in heat content at least an order of magnitude greater than any departures of net surface flux; this fact and the subsequent poleward and westward spreading of warm water support an advective origin, especially Wyrtki's hypothesis of an eastward propagating Kelvin wave. Subsequent changes during an El Nifio episode also do not seem to be influenced appreciably by variations in surface heat exchange. Water Res., Univ. of California, Davis, 1980. Weare, B.C., P. T. Strub, and M.D. Samuel, Annual mean surface heat fluxes in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceannogr., 1I, 705-717, 1981. Wyrtki, K., E1 Nifio--The dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 572-584, 1975.

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Modeling clear day insolation at sea level in Hawaii

Nullet

Ekern

1988

Solar Energy

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A Comparison of Computed and Observed Insolation under Clear Skies over the Pacific Ocean

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

An analysis of the climate variability over the Mediterranean sea by means of the surface water vapour density

An analysis of the climate variability over the Mediterranean sea by means of the surface water vapour density

Heat fluxes over the eastern tropical Pacific and aspects of the 1972 El Niño

Modeling clear day insolation at sea level in Hawaii

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