A Comparison of Double Poling Physiology and Kinematics Between Long-Distance and All-Round Cross-Country Skiers

Torvik, Per Øyvind; Sandbakk, Øyvind; Tillaar, Roland van den; Talsnes, Rune Kjøsen; Danielsen, Jørgen

doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.849731

Cited by 2 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Despite increasing focus on specialized DP training the last decades, the physiological differences between DP and DIA observed in the present study are similar to the previous reports (Andersson et al 2021;Dahl et al 2017;Sagelv et al 2018). We found a difference of 7% in the VO 2peak DP/ DIA ratio, which is within the 4-18% range documented previously (Losnegard 2019;Torvik et al 2022). Among our subjects, half (6) were distance skiers (DS), while the other half were specialized long-distance skiers (LDS) whose training primarily focuses on increasing DP performance (Torvik et al 2021).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, we found no difference in VO 2peak between these two subgroups of skiers, which is in line with Skattebo et al (2019). On the other hand, others have reported differences in VO 2peak between LDS and DS (Torvik et al 2022). However, in Torvik et al (2022), both DS and LDS had lower VO 2peak values compared to the present and previous (Skattebo et al (2019).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Skattebo et al (2019) found that World Class long-distance skiers (> 40 km) who were highly specialized in DP had a lower energy cost when utilizing DP at the same velocity compared to World class distance skiers, despite no major biomechanical differences. Similar results were found in Torvik et al (2022), who compared World Class long-distance skiers with a group of distance skiers. They found a difference in the ratio between VO 2peak in DP and running between the groups, but there was also a difference in the performance level in the two groups.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…On the other hand, others have reported differences in VO 2peak between LDS and DS (Torvik et al 2022). However, in Torvik et al (2022), both DS and LDS had lower VO 2peak values compared to the present and previous (Skattebo et al (2019). Although the LDS appear as elite in Torvik et al (2022) that did not report the performance level for DS and there were few subjects for each group, with 5 LDS and 7 DS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…They found a difference in the ratio between VO 2peak in DP and running between the groups, but there was also a difference in the performance level in the two groups. In general, the difference between VO 2peak in DP and DIA (or running) is therefore found to be 4-18%, independent of performance level and does not appear to decrease as a result of specialized DP training (Losnegard 2019;Torvik et al 2022). Therefore, it could be proposed that DP performance is less related to maximal oxygen uptake than in other skiing techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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What is the optimal classical style sub-technique during uphill roller skiing in elite male cross-country skiers?

et al. 2023

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Purpose To compare performance, physiological and biomechanical responses between double poling (DP) and diagonal stride (DIA) during treadmill roller skiing in elite male cross-country skiers. Method Twelve skiers (VO2peak DIAup; 74.7 ± 3.7 ml kg−1 min−1) performed two DP conditions at 1° (DPflat) and 8° (DPup) incline, and one DIA condition, 8° (DIAup). Submaximal gross efficiency (GE) and maximal 3.5 min time-trial (TT) performance, including measurements of VO2peak and maximal accumulated O2-deficit (MAOD), were determined. Temporal patterns and kinematics were assessed using 2D video, while pole kinetics were obtained from pole force. Results DIAup induced (mean, [95% confidence interval]) 13% [4, 22] better 3.5-min TT performance, 7%, [5, 10]) higher VO2peak and 3% points [1, 5] higher GE compared to DPup (all P < 0.05). DPup induced 120% higher MAOD compared to DPflat, while no significant differences were observed for VO2peak or GE between DPflat and DPup. There was a large correlation between performance and GE in DP and a large correlation between performance and VO2peak for DIAup (all r = 0.7–0.8, P < 0.05). No correlations were found between performance and VO2peak for any of the DP conditions, nor between performance and GE for DIAup (r = 0.0–0.2, P > 0.1). Conclusion At 8º uphill roller skiing, DIAup induce higher VO2peak, GE, and superior time-trial performance than DPup in elite male skiers. There was no difference between VO2peak or GE between DPflat and DPup. A large correlation was observed between DIAup performance and DIAupVO2peak, while DP performance was best correlated to submaximal GE.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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What is the optimal classical style sub-technique during uphill roller skiing in elite male cross-country skiers?

et al. 2023

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On Ski–Snow Contact Mechanics During the Double Poling Cycle in Cross-Country Skiing

Hindér,

Kalliorinne,

Sandberg

et al. 2024

Tribol Lett

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Of the medals awarded during the Winter Olympics Games, most are awarded for sports involving cross-country (XC) skiing. The Double Poling (DP) technique, which is one of the sub-techniques used most frequently in XC skiing, has not yet been studied using simulations of the ski–snow contact mechanics. This work introduces a novel method for analysing how changes in the distribution of pressure on the sole of the foot (Plantar Pressure Distribution or PPD) during the DP motion affect the contact between the ski and the snow. The PPD recorded as the athlete performed DP, along with an Artificial Neural Network trained to predict the geometry of the ski (ski-camber profile), were used as input data for a solver based on the boundary element method, which models the interaction between the ski and the snow. This solver provides insights into how the area of contact and the distribution of pressure on the ski-snow interface change over time. The results reveal that variations in PPD, the type of ski, and the stiffness of the snow all have a significant impact on the contact between the ski and the snow. This information can be used to improve the Double Poling technique and make better choices of skis for specific snow conditions, ultimately leading to improved performance. Graphical Abstract

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A Comparison of Double Poling Physiology and Kinematics Between Long-Distance and All-Round Cross-Country Skiers

Cited by 2 publications

References 52 publications

What is the optimal classical style sub-technique during uphill roller skiing in elite male cross-country skiers?

What is the optimal classical style sub-technique during uphill roller skiing in elite male cross-country skiers?

On Ski–Snow Contact Mechanics During the Double Poling Cycle in Cross-Country Skiing

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