A comparison of indoor radio propagation characteristics at 910 MHz and 1.75 GHz

A unified approach to the probability of error for noncoherent and differentially coherent modulations over generalized fading channels

“…is distributed according to a noncentral chi-square distribution given by 7The Nakagami-distribution spans the range from Rayleigh fading ( ) to no fading (constant amplitude) ( ). This type of fading is typically observed in the first resolvable LOS paths of microcellular urban and suburban land mobile [29], picocellular indoor [30], and factory [31] environments. It also applies to the dominant LOS path of satellite [32], [33] and ship-to-ship [23] radio links.…”

“…Since the fading is assumed to be independent of the AWGN, the unconditional BER, , is obtained by averaging (25) over the underlying fading RV giving (29) where is the fading parameter associated with the distribution , and is hence denoted by , and for the Rayleigh, Nakagami-(Hoyt), Nakagami-(Rice), Nakagami-, log-normal shadowing, composite multipath/shadowing, and combined (time-shared) shadowed/unshadowed PDF's, respectively. Substituting (25) into (29) then interchanging the order of integration yields (30) where (31) is in the form of a Laplace transform. The form of the average BER in (30) is interesting in that the integrals ; can either be obtained in closed-form with the help of classical Laplace transform,s or can alternatively be efficiently computed by using Gauss-Hermite quadrature integration [58, p. 890, eq.…”

“…We now evaluate these integrals for each of the fading models described in Section II-B. These integrals will also be useful to obtain the average BER with multichannel reception as described in Section IV-C. (33) Inserting (33) in (30), we obtain the average BER performance over Rayleigh fading. For the special case of , one can proceed further to obtain a closed form expression for the average BER.…”

“…(13)], namely, (39) or the one reported in [10, eq. (8)], namely, , (42) becomes (43) which when inserted in (30) gives the BER performance over one-sided Gaussian fading. On the other hand, letting in (42), it is easy to show that ; ; reduces to ; ; as given by (33) and which corresponds to the Rayleigh fading case, as expected.…”

“…For the special case of and restricted to positive integers values, one can proceed further to obtain a closed from expression for the average BER. Performing a partial fraction expansion on (30) with (50), then using the standard integral identity [56, eq. (3.661.4), p. 425] 51where…”