A Comparison of Methods for Sniff Measurement Concurrent with Olfactory Tasks in Humans

Johnson, Bonnie; Russell, Cheryl; Khan, Rehan; Sobel, Noam

doi:10.1093/chemse/bjl021

Cited by 48 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Electroencephalogram (EEG; obtained from C3 and C4, referenced to opposite mastoid), electro-oculogram (placed 1 cm above or below and laterally of each eye, referenced to opposite mastoid), electromyogram (located bilaterally at the chin), and respiration were all recorded (Power-Lab 16SP and Octal Bio Amp ML138, ADInstruments) at 1 kHz (Arzi et al, 2010(Arzi et al, , 2012. Nasal respiration was measured using a spirometer (ML141, ADInstruments) and high-sensitivity pneumotachometer (#4719, Hans Rudolph) in line with the vent ports of the nasal mask (Johnson et al, 2006). Nasal airflow analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Aversive Conditioning during Sleep Reduces Cigarette-Smoking Behavior

et al. 2014

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Recent findings suggest that novel associations can be learned during sleep. However, whether associative learning during sleep can alter later waking behavior and whether such behavioral changes last for minutes, hours, or days remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that olfactory aversive conditioning during sleep will alter cigarette-smoking behavior during ensuing wakefulness. A total of 66 human subjects wishing to quit smoking participated in the study (23 females; mean age, 28.7 Ϯ 5.2 years). Subjects completed a daily smoking diary detailing the number of cigarettes smoked during 7 d before and following a 1 d or night protocol of conditioning between cigarette odor and profoundly unpleasant odors. We observed significant reductions in the number of cigarettes smoked following olfactory aversive conditioning during stage 2 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep but not following aversive conditioning during wakefulness (p Ͻ 0.05). Moreover, the reduction in smoking following aversive conditioning during stage 2 (34.4 Ϯ 30.1%) was greater and longer lasting compared with the reduction following aversive conditioning during REM (11.9 Ϯ 19.2%, p Ͻ 0.05). Finally, the reduction in smoking following aversive conditioning during sleep was significantly greater than in two separate control sleep experiments that tested aversive odors alone and the effects of cigarette odors and aversive odors without pairing. To conclude, a single night of olfactory aversive conditioning during sleep significantly reduced cigarette-smoking behavior in a sleep stage-dependent manner, and this effect persisted for several days.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Aversive Conditioning during Sleep Reduces Cigarette-Smoking Behavior

et al. 2014

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“…Concurrent with Experiment 2 we recorded nasal airflow using a nasal cannula (1103, Teleflex medical) placed at the nares and attached to a spirometer (ML141, ADInstruments) that delivered a voltage to an instrumentation amplifier (Powerlab 16SP, ADInstruments) recording at 1 kHz [41].…”

Section: Nasal Airflow (Sniff) Recordingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinhibition of olfaction: Human olfactory performance improves following low levels of alcohol

Endevelt‐Shapira

Shushan

Roth

et al. 2014

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…To assess sniffing, participants wore a nasal pressure monitoring cannula that is normally used to deliver oxygen to patients in hospitals or nursing homes (Johnson, Russell, Khan, & Sobel, 2006). The cannula was connected to a pressure transducer (PT: Sleep Sense), which registered sniffing behavior by measuring air pressure in the nose (in the range of 0e40 cm H 2 O).…”

Section: Physiological Endpointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Area under the curve (AUC) based on these measures was further analyzed, based on Johnson et al (2006) that this was the most sensitive sniff measurement technique (compared to maximum value and mean value). Data were analyzed by a computer program (Sniff Pressure Analyzer, version 2.7; developed by our lab technician) that is capable of automatically scanning data in search for sniff pulses.…”

Section: Data Preparation and Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Odors eliciting fear: A conditioning approach to Idiopathic Environmental Intolerances

Leer

Smeets

Bulsing

et al. 2011

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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Patients suffering from Idiopathic Environmental Intolerances (IEI) report health symptoms, referable to multiple organ systems, which are triggered by harmless odors and therefore medically unexplainable. In line with previous research that predominantly points towards psychological explanations, the present study tests the hypothesis that IEI symptoms result from learning via classical conditioning of odors to fear. A differential conditioning paradigm was employed. Hedonically different odors were compared on ease of fear acquisition. Conditioned stimuli (CSs) were Dimethyl Sulfide (unpleasant) and peach (pleasant). The unconditioned stimulus (US) was an electrical shock. During acquisition one odor (CS+) was followed by shock, while the other odor (CS-) was not. Next, fear extinction was tested by presenting both CS+ and CS- without US. Electrodermal response, odor evaluation, and sniffing behavior were monitored. Results showed successful fear conditioning irrespective of hedonic character as evidenced by electrodermal response. Acquired fear did not extinguish. There was no evidence of evaluative conditioning taking place, as CS evaluation did not change during fear acquisition. Early avoidance of the CS+, as deduced from odor inhalation measures, was demonstrated, but did not sustain during the entire acquisition phase. This study suggests that a fear conditioning account of IEI is only partially satisfactory.

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A Comparison of Methods for Sniff Measurement Concurrent with Olfactory Tasks in Humans

Cited by 48 publications

References 45 publications

Olfactory Aversive Conditioning during Sleep Reduces Cigarette-Smoking Behavior

Olfactory Aversive Conditioning during Sleep Reduces Cigarette-Smoking Behavior

Disinhibition of olfaction: Human olfactory performance improves following low levels of alcohol

Odors eliciting fear: A conditioning approach to Idiopathic Environmental Intolerances

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