A Comparison of Methods to Predict Weed Seedling Populations from the Soil Seedbank

Cardina, John; Sparrow, D. H. B.

doi:10.1017/s004317450009353x

Cited by 111 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Since estimates of seed bank density are known to vary with sampling method (Roberts 1981;Cardina and Sparrow 1996), as well as in time and space (Henderson et al 1988;Coffin and Lauenroth 1989), the wide range in seed bank estimates is not surprising. We also observed high temporal and geographic variation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies have investigated seed banks in CSS (Keeley and Keeley 1984) and related vegetation types such as coastal succulent scrub (Angoa-Roman et al 2005), chaparral (Zammit and Zedler 1994;Holl et al 2000), and grassland (Major and Pyott 1966), but estimates of seed density have varied widely. This may be due to both the high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity associated with some seed banks (Henderson et al 1988;Coffin and Lauenroth 1989;Wilson et al 2004) and to different sampling techniques (Roberts 1981;Cardina and Sparrow 1996;Ishikawa-Goto and Tsuyuzaki 2004;Devictor et al in press). Nevertheless, an understanding of the status of the seed bank in CSS and adjacent grassland areas will provide valuable information about the future of CSS (van der Valk and Pederson 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composition of soil seed banks in southern California coastal sage scrub and adjacent exotic grassland

Cox

Allen

2007

Plant Ecol

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Soil seed banks are important to many plant communities and are recognized as an important component of management plans. Understanding seed bank composition and density is especially important when communities have been invaded by exotic species and must be managed to promote desirable species. We examined germinable soil seed banks in southern California coastal sage scrub (CSS) that is heavily invaded by exotic grasses and in adjacent exotic grassland. Soils from both communities had similar seed banks, dominated by high densities of exotic grass and forb species. Up to 4,000 exotic grass seeds and at least 400 exotic forb seeds/m 2 were found in most soils, regardless of aboveground vegetation type. Native forbs averaged 400 seeds/m 2 in grass-dominated areas and about 800 in shrub-dominated soils. Shrub seed density was \1 and \10 seeds/m 2 in grass-and shrub-dominated areas, respectively, indicating that the shrub seed bank is not persistent compared to annuals. We also compared pre-and post-burn soil seed banks from one location that burned in October 2003. Late-season burning in both grass-and CSS-dominated areas disproportionately reduced exotic grass seed densities relative to native seed densities. The similarity of the seed banks in adjacent grass and shrub communities suggests that without intervention, areas currently dominated by CSS may become more similar to grass-dominated areas in terms of aboveground vegetation. In such areas, the first growing season following a wildfire is a window of opportunity for increasing native diversity at a time when density of exotic grass seeds is low.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of soil seed banks in southern California coastal sage scrub and adjacent exotic grassland

Cox

Allen

2007

Plant Ecol

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“…Wheat seeds were extracted and sieved from the soil in a manner similar to Cardina and Sparrow (1996). All soil samples were washed in a root-washing apparatus using screens small enough (0.35 mm) to recover and count wheat seeds.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The subsamples were immediately frozen until November. In the winter of 2003 to 2004, the soil samples were thawed for at least 3 d and placed in the greenhouse in 43 ϫ 55-cm trays (5-cm-deep) (Cardina and Sparrow 1996) and watered and fertilized to encourage plant growth. Three weeks later, all emerged plants were treated with glyphosate at 900 g ae ha Ϫ1 , and GR wheat plants were counted and removed 2 wk after glyphosate application.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glyphosate-resistant wheat persistence in western Canadian cropping systems

Harker¹,

Clayton

Blackshaw

et al. 2005

Weed Science

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As a weed, wheat has recently gained greater profile. Determining wheat persistence in cropping systems will facilitate the development of effective volunteer wheat management strategies. In October of 2000, glyphosate-resistant (GR) spring wheat seeds were scattered on plots at eight western Canada sites. From 2001 to 2003, the plots were seeded to a canola–barley–field-pea rotation or a fallow–barley–fallow rotation, with five seeding systems involving seeding dates and soil disturbance levels, and monitored for wheat plant density. Herbicides and tillage (in fallow systems) were used to ensure that no wheat plants produced seed. Seeding systems with greater levels of soil disturbance usually had greater wheat densities. Volunteer wheat densities at 2 (2002) and 3 (2003) yr after seed dispersal were close to zero but still detectable at most locations. At the end of 2003, viable wheat seeds were not detected in the soil seed bank at any location. The majority of wheat seedlings were recruited in the year following seed dispersal (2001) at the in-crop, prespray (PRES) interval. At the PRES interval in 2001, across all locations and treatments, wheat density averaged 2.6 plants m−2. At the preplanting interval (PREP), overall wheat density averaged only 0.2 plants m−2. By restricting density data to include only continuous cropping, low-disturbance direct-seeding (LDS) systems, the latter mean dropped below 0.1 plants m−2. Only at one site were preplanting GR wheat densities sufficient (4.2 plants m−2) to justify a preseeding herbicide treatment in addition to glyphosate in LDS systems. Overall volunteer wheat recruitment at all spring and summer intervals in the continuous cropping rotation in 2001 was 1.7% (3.3 plants m−2). Despite the fact that volunteer wheat has become more common in the central and northern Great Plains, there is little evidence from this study to suggest that its persistence will be a major agronomic problem.

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“…Within a single seed bank quantification study, coefficients of variation for germination typically exceed 50% . Greenhouse studies of seedling emergence have been somewhat more accurate than field studies, however the artificial nature of the greenhouse challenges study of seed traits such as dormancy or community processes such as self‐thinning . Even under controlled conditions, some of the mechanisms of seed dormancy are poorly understood.…”

Section: Exiting the Weed Seed Bankmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving soil seed bank management

Haring

Flessner

2018

Pest Management Science

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Problems associated with simplified weed management motivate efforts for diversification. Integrated weed management uses the fundamentals of weed biology and applied ecology to provide a framework for diversified weed management programs; the soil seed bank comprises a necessary part of this framework. By targeting seeds, growers can inhibit the propagule pressure on which annual weeds depend for agricultural invasion. Some current management practices affect weed seed banks, such as crop rotation and tillage, but these tools are often used without specific intention to manage weed seeds. Difficulties quantifying the weed seed bank, understanding seed bank phenology, and linking seed banks to emerged weed communities challenge existing soil seed bank management practices. Improved seed bank quantification methods could include DNA profiling of the soil seed bank, mark and recapture, or 3D LIDAR mapping. Successful and sustainable soil seed bank management must constrain functionally diverse and changing weed communities. Harvest weed seed controls represent a step forward, but over-reliance on this singular technique could make it short-lived. Researchers must explore tools inspired by other pest management disciplines, such as gene drives or habitat modification for predatory organisms. Future weed seed bank management will combine multiple complementary practices that enhance diverse agroecosystems. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

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A Comparison of Methods to Predict Weed Seedling Populations from the Soil Seedbank

Cited by 111 publications

References 18 publications

Composition of soil seed banks in southern California coastal sage scrub and adjacent exotic grassland

Composition of soil seed banks in southern California coastal sage scrub and adjacent exotic grassland

Glyphosate-resistant wheat persistence in western Canadian cropping systems

Improving soil seed bank management

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