A Comparison of Remote and Bedside Assessment of the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale in Acute Stroke Patients

Abstract

Introduction: Telestroke videoconference for conducting the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is recommended when the facility of a direct bedside evaluation by a stroke specialist is not immediately available for hyperacute stroke assessment. However, some NIHSS-telestroke studies inherit systematic bias due to the subjective nature of NIHSS administration. We aimed to evaluate NIHSS telestroke assessment, while implementing measures to minimize subjectivity bias. Patients and Methods: Ninety stroke patients within 48 h of onset were assessed by 6 stroke neurologists grouped in 15 pairs. Each pair of physicians assessed 6 patients. Patients were allocated through block randomization to a physician pair and order of bedside or remote assessment. Every patient was assessed once at the bedside and once remotely. Remote examination was performed by a neurologist through high-quality videoconferencing (HQ-VTC), assisted by a nurse at the patient's bedside. Kappa coefficients and the number of patients with a cumulative difference of ≤3 NIHSS points were calculated to compare bedside and remote measures. Results: Cumulative difference of ≤3 NIHSS points was observed in 85.6% (95% CI 76.6-92.1%) cases. Therefore, every fifth remote examination may have been inaccurate. Quadratically weighted kappa for total NIHSS score was 0.91 (95% CI 0.87-0.95). Minimal agreements were for commands (k = 0.46), facial palsy (k = 0.43), and ataxia (k = 0.27). Remote assessments were longer than bedside: 8 min (interquartile range, IQR 7-9) vs. 6 (IQR 5-8), p < 0.001. Conclusions: NIHSS-telestroke assessment using HQ-VTC in the acute stroke settings is closely matched with NIHSS-bedside assessment but it's credibility for clinical use needs further evaluation.

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Telemedicine in General Neurology: Interrater Reliability of Clinical Neurological Examination Via Audio-Visual Telemedicine

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