A comparison of single dose caudal tramadol, tramadol plus bupivacaine and bupivacaine administration for postoperative analgesia in children

Abstract

Tramadol used caudally is as effective as bupivacaine in the management of postoperative pain in children and the addition of tramadol to bupivacaine, when both drugs were administered caudally, did not prolong the duration of action of bupivacaine and is a safe agent in children.

Epidural ropivacaine versus ropivacaine plus tramadol in postoperative analgesia in children undergoing major abdominal surgery: a comparison

“…Ropivacaine, a new local anesthetic agent, has been reported to have lower toxic effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems [12,13]. Although tramadol, a weak opioid synthesized in recent years, has been reported to be effective in caudal blockade in children, studies regarding its use in lumbar epidural blockade are rare [14][15][16][17]. On the other hand, previous studies have also shown that epidural or caudal tramadol can be free from postoperative analgesia-related side effects [6][7][8].…”

Caudal bupivacaine - midazolam for post operative analgesia in children

“…Many drugs including epinephrine, morphine 11 , clonidine 11 , ketamine 11 , and tramadol 12,13 have been co-administered with caudal bupivacaine to maximize and extend the duration of analgesia. Morphine extends the duration of analgesia but frequent association of delayed respiratory depression, itching, vomiting, and postoperative retention of urine has limited its use 14 .…”

“…Morphine extends the duration of analgesia but frequent association of delayed respiratory depression, itching, vomiting, and postoperative retention of urine has limited its use 14 . Behavioral side effects are reported with use of ketamine and increased incidence of vomiting was observed with use of tramadol 12,13 .…”

Efficacy of bupivacaine‐neostigmine and bupivacaine‐tramadol in caudal block in pediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy

“…Furthermore, owing to its nonopioid receptor‐mediated actions, tramadol may produce less respiratory depressions (25). However, common side effects including nausea and vomiting may be seen following tramadol administration (36). Nonetheless, Prakash and colleagues did not observe any adverse effects in caudal administration of tramadol (16).…”