“…Ayres and Hopf (1985) observed that "a means of training speech-anxious students within the confines of the normal classroom routine is sorely needed by those who do not have the resources to provide individualized treatment programs for such students" (p. 318). Experts in CA have recommended the use of major treatment techniques such as systematic desensitization (Friedrich & Goss, 1984;McCroskey, 1972McCroskey, , 1977McCroskey, , 1984bMcCroskey, Ralph, & Barrick, 1970;Pedersen, 1980), cognitive modification (Fremouw, 1984;Fremouw & Scott, 1979;Fremouw & Zitter, 1978;Glaser, 1981;Meichenbaum, Gilmore, & Fedoravicius, 1971), visualization (Assagioli, 1973(Assagioli, , 1976Ayres & Hopf, 1985), and skills training. In addition to these techniques, instructors may use the textbook, scholarly writing, and their own knowledge, skills and experience to aid students in reducing CA during the normal classroom routine.…”