A comparison of some objective measures of expectancy.

Rotter, Julian B.; Fitzgerald, Bernard J.; Joyce, James N.

doi:10.1037/h0059837

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Some experimental psychologists recognized the reality of expectations much earlier and sought to show the scientific respectability and importance for learning theory of expectations (Brunswik, 1951;Postman, 1951;Rotter, Fitzgerald, & Joyce, 1954;Tolman, 1948). And among those psychologists primarily interested in human behavior, expectancies were often accepted as important with less controversy.…”

Section: Cognitivismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Navigating Into the Future or Driven by the Past

Seligman

Railton

Baumeister

et al. 2013

Perspect Psychol Sci

558

343

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Prospection (Gilbert & Wilson, 2007), the representation of possible futures, is a ubiquitous feature of the human mind. Much psychological theory and practice, in contrast, has understood human action as determined by the past and viewed any such teleology (selection of action in light of goals) as a violation of natural law because the future cannot act on the present. Prospection involves no backward causation; rather, it is guidance not by the future itself but by present, evaluative representations of possible future states. These representations can be understood minimally as "If X, then Y" conditionals, and the process of prospection can be understood as the generation and evaluation of these conditionals. We review the history of the attempt to cast teleology out of science, culminating in the failures of behaviorism and psychoanalysis to account adequately for action without teleology. A wide range of evidence suggests that prospection is a central organizing feature of perception, cognition, affect, memory, motivation, and action. The authors speculate that prospection casts new light on why subjectivity is part of consciousness, what is "free" and "willing" in "free will," and on mental disorders and their treatment. Viewing behavior as driven by the past was a powerful framework that helped create scientific psychology, but accumulating evidence in a wide range of areas of research suggests a shift in framework, in which navigation into the future is seen as a core organizing principle of animal and human behavior.

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Section: Cognitivismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Navigating Into the Future or Driven by the Past

Seligman

Railton

Baumeister

et al. 2013

Perspect Psychol Sci

558

343

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Behavior potential is determined from the behavior actually occurring when the individual makes a choice, and measures are relative so that in any situation where alternatives are present, it is possible to order behavior potentials according to their strength. Rotter's expectancy refers to a probability held by the individual, which can nevertheless be objectively measured (see, for example, Rotter, Fitzgerald, & Joyce, 1954). Reinforcement value is determined from a choice situation where expectancy is held constant for the alternatives present.…”

Section: Rottermentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective probability and decision under uncertainty.

Nt¹

1959

Psychological Review

203

108

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“…This gives an indication of how much control the respondents feel they have over their lives. Those with an internal locus of control believe that they have complete control, whereas respondents with an external locus of control believe that they have no control over their lives 7 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefit from Admission to a Geriatric Assessment and Rehabilitation Unit

Th¹,

Dixon²,

Campbell³

1989

J American Geriatrics Society

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To determine differences in perception of benefit from a patient's admission to a geriatric Assessment and Rehabilitation Unit, we asked both medical and nursing staff (health team) and the patient and carer (clients) for their evaluation after discharge. The areas studied were functional ability, relief of the principal symptom, education about the principal problem, and development of coping skills. Of 94 patients studied, 58 patients were discharged to the community (52 to carers, 6 to live alone) and 36 to institutions. In the former group, the health team had a consistently higher perception of benefit than the clients (P less than .001). Factors positively predicting health team perception of benefit were a higher carer happiness, improvement in patient independence, and internalization of the patient's locus of control. A negative predictor was an increase in patients' responsibilities. Client perception of benefit was positively predicted by fewer problems with companionship and communication with others. The health team's perception rated the adequacy of patient education and development of coping skills more highly than did the clients. In the patients discharged to the community, their perception of benefit at 1 week was a good predictor of survival in the community to 6 weeks. The possible reasons for these differences in perception of benefit and their implications are discussed.

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A comparison of some objective measures of expectancy.

Cited by 26 publications

References 18 publications

Navigating Into the Future or Driven by the Past

Navigating Into the Future or Driven by the Past

Subjective probability and decision under uncertainty.

Benefit from Admission to a Geriatric Assessment and Rehabilitation Unit

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