A Comparison of the Injury to Alfalfa by the Aphids,
Therioaphis maculata
and
Macrosiphum pisi

Mittler, T. E.; Sylvester, Edward S.

doi:10.1093/jee/54.4.615

Cited by 52 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…In comparison to the uninfested wild-type plants, GPA feeding reduced seed set in the GPA-infested plants (Fig. 4C), confirming observations made by others (Mittler and Sylvester, 1961;Dixon, 1998;Girousse et al, 2005) that aphid feeding alters plant source-sink relationships. However, in comparison to the GPAinfested wild-type plant, seed set in GPA-infested pad4 mutant plant was further reduced (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Premature Leaf Senescence Modulated by the Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 Gene Is Associated with Defense against the Phloem-Feeding Green Peach Aphid

et al. 2005

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Aphids, which are phloem-feeding insects, cause extensive loss of plant productivity and are vectors of plant viruses. Aphid feeding causes changes in resource allocation in the host, resulting in an increase in flow of nutrients to the insect-infested tissue. We hypothesized that leaf senescence, which is involved in the programmed degradation of cellular components and the export of nutrients out of the senescing leaf, could be utilized by plants to limit aphid growth. Using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and green peach aphid (GPA; Myzus persicae Sulzer), we found that GPA feeding induced premature chlorosis and cell death, and increased the expression of SENESCENCE ASSOCIATED GENES (SAGs), all hallmarks of leaf senescence. Hypersenescence was accompanied by enhanced resistance against GPA in the Arabidopsis constitutive expresser of PR genes5 and suppressor of SA insensitivity2 mutant plants. In contrast, resistance against GPA was compromised in the phytoalexin deficient4 (pad4) mutant plant. The PAD4 gene, which is expressed at elevated level in response to GPA feeding, modulates the GPA feeding-induced leaf senescence. In comparison to the wild-type plant, GPA feeding-induced chlorophyll loss, cell death, and SAG expression were delayed in the pad4 mutant. Although PAD4 is associated with camalexin synthesis and salicylic acid (SA) signaling, camalexin and SA signaling are not important for restricting GPA growth; growth of GPA on the camalexin-biosynthesis mutant, pad3, and the SA deficient2 and NahG plants and the SA-signaling mutant, nonexpresser of PR genes1, were comparable to that on the wild-type plant. Our results suggest that PAD4 modulates the activation of senescence in the aphid-infested leaves, which contributes to basal resistance to GPA.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Aphid infestation causes changes in resource allocation in the host plant; flow of nutrients to the insectinfested tissue is increased due to the creation of a strong sink in the aphid-infested organ (Mittler and Sylvester, 1961;Dixon, 1998;Girousse et al, 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Premature Leaf Senescence Modulated by the Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 Gene Is Associated with Defense against the Phloem-Feeding Green Peach Aphid

et al. 2005

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“…Occasionally, the aphid stylets also penetrate host cells, presumably sampling cell contents. Aphid infestation results in the creation of a strong sink in the aphid-infested organ which results in increased flow of nutrients to aphid-infested tissues thereby reducing the mass flow of nutrients to the primary growth zone of plants (Mittler and Sylvester, 1961;Dixon, 1998;Girousse et al, 2005). In addition, aphids have the capacity to achieve high population growth and importantly, many aphid species vector economically important viral diseases of plants (Kennedy et al, 1962;Matthews, 1991).…”

Section: Aphidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aphid infestation alters source-sink patterns in the infested plant, leading to the generation of a strong sink in the aphid-infested organ and thus increasing flow of nutrients to the infested organ at the cost of nutrient flow to the natural sink tissues (Mittler and Sylvester, 1961;Dixon, 1998;Girousse et al, 2005). Indeed, expression of genes involved in sugar transport and metabolism were altered in GPA infested Arabidopsis (Moran and Thompson, 2001;Moran et al, 2002;Pegadaraju, 2005).…”

Section: Carbohydrate Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Categories of Resistance to Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Biotype I in <B> <I>Aegilops tauschii</I> </B> Germplasm

Flinn

Smith

Reese

et al. 2001

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“…Thus, aphid infestation reduces the mass flow of nutrients into the primary growth zone (Mittler and Sylvester, 1961;Pollard, 1973). Under growth-cabinet conditions using short-term pea aphid infestations (24 h), a quantitative relationship between reduction in stem elongation rate and 14 C-assimilate withdrawal due to aphid feeding was found (Girousse et al, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aphid Infestation Causes Different Changes in Carbon and Nitrogen Allocation in Alfalfa Stems as Well as Different Inhibitions of Longitudinal and Radial Expansion

et al. 2005

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Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) stem elongation is strongly reduced by a pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) infestation. As pea aphid is a phloem feeder that does not transmit virus or toxins, assimilate withdrawal is generally considered as the main mechanism responsible for growth reduction. Using a kinematic analysis, we investigated the spatial distributions of relative elemental growth rates of control and infested alfalfa stems. The water, carbon, and nitrogen contents per unit stem length were measured along the growth zone. Deposition rates and growth-sustaining fluxes were estimated from these patterns. Severe short-term aphid infestation (200 young adults over a 24-h period) induced a strong and synchronized reduction in rates of elongation and of water and carbon deposition. Reduced nitrogen content and associated negative nitrogen deposition rates were observed in some parts of the infested stems, especially in the apex. This suggested a mobilization of nitrogen from the apical part of the growth zone, converted from a sink tissue into a source tissue by aphids. Calculation of radial growth rates suggested that aphid infestation led to a smaller reduction in radial expansion than in elongation. Together with earlier observations of long-lasting effects of a short-term infestation, this supports the hypothesis that in addition to nutrient withdrawal, a thigmomorphogenesis-like mechanism is involved in the effect of aphid infestation on stem growth.

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A Comparison of the Injury to Alfalfa by the Aphids, Therioaphis maculata and Macrosiphum pisi

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Premature Leaf Senescence Modulated by the Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 Gene Is Associated with Defense against the Phloem-Feeding Green Peach Aphid

Premature Leaf Senescence Modulated by the Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 Gene Is Associated with Defense against the Phloem-Feeding Green Peach Aphid

Categories of Resistance to Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Biotype I in <B> <I>Aegilops tauschii</I> </B> Germplasm

Aphid Infestation Causes Different Changes in Carbon and Nitrogen Allocation in Alfalfa Stems as Well as Different Inhibitions of Longitudinal and Radial Expansion

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