A comparison of the magnetic properties of proton- and iron-implanted graphite

Barzola‐Quiquia, J.; Höhne, R.; Rothermel, Martin; Setzer, A.; Esquinazi, P.; Heera, V.

doi:10.1140/epjb/e2008-00047-7

Cited by 34 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Irradiation of graphite with protons 58,474 resulted in a significant ferromagnetic response, which was explained in terms of vacancy-hydrogen interstitial atom complexes. 303 High energy ͑100 keV͒ nitrogen ion irradiation of nanosized diamond ͑which is graphitized at high irradiation dose͒, followed by magnetic measurements on the doped samples, showed ferromagnetic order at room temperature.…”

Section: Magnetic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion and electron irradiation-induced effects in nanostructured materials

Krasheninnikov¹,

Nordlund²

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

946

591

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A common misconception is that the irradiation of solids with energetic electrons and ions has exclusively detrimental effects on the properties of target materials. In addition to the well-known cases of doping of bulk semiconductors and ion beam nitriding of steels, recent experiments show that irradiation can also have beneficial effects on nanostructured systems. Electron or ion beams may serve as tools to synthesize nanoclusters and nanowires, change their morphology in a controllable manner, and tailor their mechanical, electronic, and even magnetic properties. Harnessing irradiation as a tool for modifying material properties at the nanoscale requires having the full microscopic picture of defect production and annealing in nanotargets. In this article, we review recent progress in the understanding of effects of irradiation on various zero-dimensional and one-dimensional nanoscale systems, such as semiconductor and metal nanoclusters and nanowires, nanotubes, and fullerenes. We also consider the two-dimensional nanosystem graphene due to its similarity with carbon nanotubes. We dwell on both theoretical and experimental results and discuss at length not only the physics behind irradiation effects in nanostructures but also the technical applicability of irradiation for the engineering of nanosystems.

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Section: Magnetic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion and electron irradiation-induced effects in nanostructured materials

Krasheninnikov¹,

Nordlund²

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

946

591

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“…12 Therefore vacancies, [13][14][15] interstitials, [16][17][18] edges, [19][20][21] adsorption defects, 22 hydrogen complexes with vacancies or adatoms, [23][24][25] and other types of disorder 26,27 have been regarded as sources for creating unpaired carbon atoms in the lattice. Still, there is a lack of clarity whether the chemical nature of projectiles is of importance, since successful experiments were reported for hydrogen, 11,28 nitrogen, 28 and carbon, 28,29 whereas implantations with iron, 30,31 boron and fluorine, 31 and helium [32][33][34] were reported not to trigger magnetic ordering. Some problems concern the reproducibility of the experiments with the MeV-proton bombardment: the magnetic data 11 were confirmed by subsequent publications, 28,[30][31][32][33]35,36 but in other groups 34,37 only paramagnetic response was registered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisotropic magnetism of graphite irradiated with medium-energy hydrogen and helium ions

et al. 2011

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We have studied the changes in the magnetic behavior of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) samples subjected to medium-energy proton and helium irradiation. The variations of the ferromagneticlike magnetization curves with the irradiation dose have been studied for two configurations: magnetic fields parallel and perpendicular to graphitic planes. For high irradiation doses, the values of magnetization at saturation are close for both geometries. At low irradiation fluences an orientationally dependent magnetic response is obtained. Directional dependence of magnetization indicates that the magnetism in irradiated graphite is triggered by vertically aligned intrinsic carbon defects induced by irradiation. This physical picture has been verified by the observation of a local stray field near linear defects by means of magnetic force microscopy. Similar results obtained with hydrogen and helium ions confirm that the chemical nature of projectiles is not crucial for formation of ferromagnetic order in oriented graphite. The dependence of induced magnetic moment versus irradiation dose shows a maximum; the optimal dose is an order of magnitude less for helium ions than for protons, being in line with simulations showing that He + generates 8 times more defects than H + . Raman studies indicate that the degradation of magnetic ordering at large irradiation doses occurs much earlier than graphite amorphization but coincides with the destruction of graphene sheet stacking.

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“…However, introduction of additional defects has shown that the material acquires FM-like properties, which takes place e.g. in proton-irradiated graphite [2,6,7]. Generally, it is widely believed that unconventional magnetism of carbon materials is connected with formation of defects or disorder in an ordered host matrix [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, possible role of magnetic impurities in triggering the FM order still cannot be excluded unambiguously [1,2], although evidence of a π-electron ferromagnetism in metal-free carbon samples has been established [8,9]. Hence, investigations of carbon structures with metallic atoms, magnetic or not, which have been introduced in the material intentionally, is interesting question for clarification the role of such atoms in formation of the magnetic properties of the material, as well as for application purposes [7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%