A comparison of the theory of moisture diffusion in plastic encapsulated microelectronics with moisture sensor chip and weight-gain measurements

Ardebili, Haleh; Hillman, Craig; Natishan, M.; McCluskey, Patrick; Pecht, Michael; Peterson, D. W.

doi:10.1109/6144.991185

Cited by 30 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It is well established that the rate of diffusion can be very dependent on direction in fiber‐composites . This is due to the anisotropic nature of most carbon fiber composites, which leads to anisotropic water diffusion behavior.…”

Section: Directional Diffusion Of Water Into Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of the models developed over the years for describing the water diffusion mechanism in polymer composite materials are based on Fick's laws. The one‐dimensional Fickian model is used frequently to model diffusion of water in a homogeneous material and where there is no chemical interaction between the absorbed water and the material .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Directional diffusion of moisture into unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy Composites: Experiments and modeling

2017

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Water diffusion into composites in different directions was examined in this study with the aim of determining the best way of measuring diffusion coefficients and to provide values to compare with model predictions. Water absorption behavior of unreinforced epoxy resins and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite materials was investigated with long‐term exposure to different environmental conditions. Initial Fickian absorption was observed followed by a slower second stage that continues for at least 3.7 years. Fiber architecture was found to be an important aspect of controlling absorption, where water diffusion along fibers was observed to be about three times faster than across the fibers and about seven times faster than through the thickness. A three‐dimensional finite element computer model based on Fickian diffusion behavior was developed to predict the levels of moisture absorption under hot/humid environments. A multi‐scale modeling approach was used which allowed the results of simulations at the micro‐structural level to be used to predict the diffusivity in different directions. The modeled diffusion coefficients showed high dependency on the detailed micro‐structure. Experimental results provided a baseline for the validation of the model, and it was found that these data could be closely predicted using a reasonable micro‐structure characterization. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E2305–E2315, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Directional Diffusion Of Water Into Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Directional diffusion of moisture into unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy Composites: Experiments and modeling

2017

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“…The transport of moisture within a solid material occurs by Ficks Law (for most bulk materials), by Darcy' s Law (for porous media such as a felt blanket) or by free molecular flow (leaks in very small cracks in ceramics) [3] [4]. For situations such as polymer encapsulants, the transport of moisture in a material can be described as Fickian [22].…”

Section: Bulk Moisture Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceramics and Military Aerospace Technology

2011

Advancing Microelectronics Magazine

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“…Problems of moisture ingress into and through PV organic laminates under accelerated and field conditions need to be treated in the same way as these problems were treated in the electronic packaging industry. [43][44][45][46] Combinations of stresses are important. UV with elevated T can compromise adhesion and WVTR of encapsulant materials.…”

Section: Moisturementioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated testing and failure of thin‐film PV modules

McMahon

2004

Progress in Photovoltaics

119

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Packaging-related PV module failure is distinguished from cell failure, and those failures specific to thin-film modules are reviewed. These are categorized according to the type of stress that produced them, e.g., temperature, voltage, moisture, current, and thermal cycling. An example is given that shows how to relate time under accelerated stress to time in use. Diagnostic tools for locating the affected area within a large-area module are pointed out along with the importance of interpretation of the visual appearance of the different damage mechanisms. INTRODUCTIONT he U.S. Department of Energy encourages and supports the photovoltaic (PV) industry in developing a module technology that will last 30 years in the field. 1 An additional goal is to identify a short-term means to certify that a module technology will, indeed, last 30 years. The achievement of the first goal for thin-film (TF) PV modules will be more difficult than for the single-and multi-crystalline Si modules that have been available for some time. There are at least four reasons for this: (1) TF cells have a lower threshold for corrosion and delamination; (2) several of the amorphous Si and CdTe TF technologies use the SnO 2 -coated soda-lime glass superstrate configuration requiring an edge-deleted module perimeter; (3) SnO 2 -coated glass under high cell-to-frame voltage conditions and humidity can cause delamination of the SnO 2 /glass interface; and (4) TF module configurations usually lack the extra isolation that is afforded by extra layers of laminating material (EVA or thermoplastic) found in non-TF modules.Regarding the second goal, arguments have been made that achievement of a test protocol to certify a 30-year lifetime is not possible. 2 Short of such a 30-year lifetime certification process, an approach for rank ordering and testing of failure modes has been developed; R. G. Ross 3 has put forth another method that rank orders mechanisms according to analysis of the 'life-cycle energy cost impact'. Rank ordering allows the PV industry to address the more pressing problems first, without the encumbrance of complicated lifetime-prediction methdologies. Recently, M. A. Quintana et al. have reported commonly observed degradation in field-aged PV modules. 4 The visual appearance of many failure mechanisms related to packaging can be very striking. Any one of the TF layers can be damaged from corrosion, electrolytic electromigration, diffusion, cracking, and delamination. Especially notable are the effects of glass corrosion. Each of the failure mechanisms that results in visual damage has its own appearance. Considerable progress can be made in understanding module-packaging failure if proper interpretation of the visual damage is provied by an astute observer. The following is a review of failure mechanisms and strategies special to the certification and analysis of TF module reliability. Much of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in the 1980s under the direction of R. Ross; these references are vital as...

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A comparison of the theory of moisture diffusion in plastic encapsulated microelectronics with moisture sensor chip and weight-gain measurements

Cited by 30 publications

References 16 publications

Directional diffusion of moisture into unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy Composites: Experiments and modeling

Directional diffusion of moisture into unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy Composites: Experiments and modeling

Ceramics and Military Aerospace Technology

Accelerated testing and failure of thin‐film PV modules

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