A Comparison of the Toxicity and Metabolism of Phenol and Chlorinated Phenols by Lemna Gibba, With Special Reference to 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol

Sharma, Hari A.; Barber, John T.; Ensley, Harry E.; Polito, Michael A.

doi:10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0346:acotta>2.3.co;2

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A similar trend was observed when the aquatic plant Lemna gibba was exposed to a series of increasingly chlorinated phenols [9]. A similar trend was observed when the aquatic plant Lemna gibba was exposed to a series of increasingly chlorinated phenols [9].…”

Section: Relative Effects Of Various Ethenes and Ethanessupporting

confidence: 72%

Phytotoxicity of Chlorinated Aliphatics to Hybrid Poplar (Populus Deltoides × Nigra Dn34)

Dietz¹,

Schnoor²

2001

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Effects of a series of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes on hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) were assessed in laboratory experiments. Poplar cuttings were grown in sealed reactors with hydroponic solutions and were exposed to a chlorinated solvent for a period of two weeks. Exposure concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.4 mM for perchloroethylene to 0 to 8.4 mM for 1,1-dichloroethane. Effects were assessed by gravimetrically monitoring transpiration and measuring change in cutting mass. The zero-growth concentrations of the chemicals tested were 0.3 mM perchloroethylene, 0.9 mM trichloroethylene, 0.9 mM 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 2.0 mM 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2.3 mM 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 4.8 mM trans-dichloroethylene, 5.6 mM 1,1-dichloroethylene, 6.0 mM cis-dichloroethylene, and 10.7 mM 1,1-dichloroethane. Adverse effects were found to increase with increasing number of chlorine atoms within a homologous series of ethenes or ethanes. Ethenes were more toxic than similarly chlorinated ethanes.

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Section: Relative Effects Of Various Ethenes and Ethanessupporting

confidence: 72%

Phytotoxicity of Chlorinated Aliphatics to Hybrid Poplar (Populus Deltoides × Nigra Dn34)

Dietz¹,

Schnoor²

2001

Environ Toxicol Chem

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“…In the present study, phenol was considerably less toxic to willows than to aquatic plants, such as water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) and water lenses ( Lemna gibba ), which had 10% and 50% effective concentrations of 0.08 mM (7.5 mg/ L) and 0.54 mM (50.8 mg/L), respectively [22,23]. Phenol also seems to be less toxic to willows than to most of the other tested terrestrial plants, such as cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), and millet ( Panicum milliaceum ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Uptake, removal, accumulation, and phytotoxicity of phenol in willow trees (Salix viminalis)

Ucisik

Trapp

2006

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Phenol is an intermediate in the metabolism of plants, but it also is a high-volume production compound frequently found in the environment. The relation between removal, uptake, accumulation, and toxicity of phenol in willow trees (Salix viminalis) was determined. Willows were exposed to phenol levels up to 1000 mg/L in hydroponic solution and sand, respectively. The change on water transpiration of the trees was used to determine toxic effects. In both hydroponic solution and sand, only small inhibition of transpiration was detected up to phenol concentrations of 250 mg/L. For concentrations of 500 mg/L or greater, transpiration fell to 50% or less, and the trees wilted. The trees exposed to 1000 mg/L wilted and eventually died. For initial nominal concentrations of 1000 mg/L, a significantly higher amount of phenol remained at the end of the experiment compared to the amount remaining with all other concentrations. Phenol loss was approximately 90% for the trees that survived, except for trees exposed to the lowest concentration (10 mg/L). The loss of phenol was only 15 to 18% in experiments performed without trees. The results demonstrate a clear relation between removal, accumulation, and toxic effects of phenol in trees. Phenol levels of less than 250 mg/L could be degraded by "in planta" metabolism; therefore, no significant buildup of phenol nor any toxic effects in plants occurred. With higher levels, phenol was still degraded quickly, but an accumulation in trees accompanied by severe toxic effects occurred. Phytoremediation of phenol would be best with concentrations in water or soil solution of less than 250 mg/L, at which the degradation of phenol by willows or associated bacteria is rapid and efficient and the toxic effects on trees are negligible.

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“…The main sources are wood pulp bleaching, water chlorination, textile dyes, oil refineries, and chemical, agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries [1], [2], [3]. Chlorophenols have been shown to be toxic to terrestrial plants [4], [5], aquatic plants [6] and bacterial populations [2], [7]. Some of them are suspected to be endocrine disrupters and have adverse effects on humans and other organisms in the natural ecosystem at concentrations lower than the emission standard [8], [9], [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Rational” Management of Dichlorophenols Biodegradation by the Microalga Scenedesmus obliquus

Papazi

Kotzabasis

2013

PLoS ONE

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The microalga Scenedesmus obliquus exhibited the ability to biodegrade dichlorophenols (dcps) under specific autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. According to their biodegradability, the dichlorophenols used can be separated into three distinct groups. Group I (2,4-dcp and 2,6 dcp – no meta-substitution) consisted of quite easily degraded dichlorophenols, since both chloride substituents are in less energetically demanding positions. Group II (2,3-dcp, 2,5-dcp and 3,4-dcp – one meta-chloride) was less susceptible to biodegradation, since one of the two substituents, the meta one, required higher energy for C-Cl-bond cleavage. Group III (3,5-dcp – two meta-chlorides) could not be biodegraded, since both chlorides possessed the most energy demanding positions. In general, when the dcp-toxicity exceeded a certain threshold, the microalga increased the energy offered for biodegradation and decreased the energy invested for biomass production. As a result, the biodegradation per cell volume of group II (higher toxicity) was higher, than group I (lower toxicity) and the biodegradation of dichlorophenols (higher toxicity) was higher than the corresponding monochlorophenols (lower toxicity). The participation of the photosynthetic apparatus and the respiratory mechanism of microalga to biodegrade the group I and the group II, highlighted different bioenergetic strategies for optimal management of the balance between dcp-toxicity, dcp-biodegradability and culture growth. Additionally, we took into consideration the possibility that the intermediates of each dcp-biodegradation pathway could influence differently the whole biodegradation procedures. For this reason, we tested all possible combinations of phenolic intermediates to check cometabolic interactions. The present contribution bring out the possibility of microalgae to operate as “smart” bioenergetic “machines”, that have the ability to continuously “calculate” the energy reserves and “use” the most energetically advantageous dcp-biodegradation strategy. We tried to manipulate the above fact, changing the energy reserves and as a result the chosen strategy, in order to take advantage of their abilities in detoxifying the environment.

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A Comparison of the Toxicity and Metabolism of Phenol and Chlorinated Phenols by Lemna Gibba, With Special Reference to 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol

Cited by 24 publications

References 16 publications

Phytotoxicity of Chlorinated Aliphatics to Hybrid Poplar (Populus Deltoides × Nigra Dn34)

Phytotoxicity of Chlorinated Aliphatics to Hybrid Poplar (Populus Deltoides × Nigra Dn34)

Uptake, removal, accumulation, and phytotoxicity of phenol in willow trees (Salix viminalis)

“Rational” Management of Dichlorophenols Biodegradation by the Microalga Scenedesmus obliquus

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