A comparison of the two Arctic atmospheric winter states observed during N‐ICE2015 and SHEBA

Graham, Robert M.; Rinke, Annette; Cohen, Lior; Hudson, Stephen R.; Walden, Von P.; Granskog, Mats A.; Dorn, Wolfgang; Kayser, Markus; Maturilli, Marion

doi:10.1002/2016jd025475

Cited by 67 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 72 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

133

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Confirmed existence of bimodal longwave surface radiative flux distribution in January and February that also existed in SHEBA [103,123].…”

Section: Arctic Summer Cloud Oceanmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…The presence of clouds influences the surface radiative cooling rate, especially in winter [158,214,215,218]. For example, during SHEBA the presence of clouds modified the net surface radiative flux by~40 W m −2 [101,103,123,214]. Clouds also directly affect the amount of summertime solar radiation available to melt sea ice and heat the ocean affecting surface turbulent fluxes and sea ice freeze onset in the following autumn and winter [38,152,219].…”

Section: Cloudsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

On the Increasing Importance of Air-Sea Exchanges in a Thawing Arctic: A Review

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Forty years ago, climate scientists predicted the Arctic to be one of Earth's most sensitive climate regions and thus extremely vulnerable to increased CO 2 . The rapid and unprecedented changes observed in the Arctic confirm this prediction. Especially significant, observed sea ice loss is altering the exchange of mass, energy, and momentum between the Arctic Ocean and atmosphere.As an important component of air-sea exchange, surface turbulent fluxes are controlled by vertical gradients of temperature and humidity between the surface and atmosphere, wind speed, and surface roughness, indicating that they respond to other forcing mechanisms such as atmospheric advection, ocean mixing, and radiative flux changes. The exchange of energy between the atmosphere and surface via surface turbulent fluxes in turn feeds back on the Arctic surface energy budget, sea ice, clouds, boundary layer temperature and humidity, and atmospheric and oceanic circulations. Understanding and attributing variability and trends in surface turbulent fluxes is important because they influence the magnitude of Arctic climate change, sea ice cover variability, and the atmospheric circulation response to increased CO 2 . This paper reviews current knowledge of Arctic Ocean surface turbulent fluxes and their effects on climate. We conclude that Arctic Ocean surface turbulent fluxes are having an increasingly consequential influence on Arctic climate variability in response to strong regional trends in the air-surface temperature contrast related to the changing character of the Arctic sea ice cover. Arctic Ocean surface turbulent energy exchanges are not smooth and steady but rather irregular and episodic, and consideration of the episodic nature of surface turbulent fluxes is essential for improving Arctic climate projections.

show abstract

“…Confirmed existence of bimodal longwave surface radiative flux distribution in January and February that also existed in SHEBA [103,123].…”

Section: Arctic Summer Cloud Oceanmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Cloudsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Increasing Importance of Air-Sea Exchanges in a Thawing Arctic: A Review

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The sea ice concentrations were respectively 82%, 56%, 47%, 64%, and 97% in 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, and 2011. Graham et al [] give a detailed comparison of the N‐ICE2015 atmospheric observations with the 2015 ERA‐Interim data.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter to summer oceanographic observations in the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Oceanographic observations from the Eurasian Basin north of Svalbard collected between January and June 2015 from the N‐ICE2015 drifting expedition are presented. The unique winter observations are a key contribution to existing climatologies of the Arctic Ocean, and show a ∼100 m deep winter mixed layer likely due to high sea ice growth rates in local leads. Current observations for the upper ∼200 m show mostly a barotropic flow, enhanced over the shallow Yermak Plateau. The two branches of inflowing Atlantic Water are partly captured, confirming that the outer Yermak Branch follows the perimeter of the plateau, and the inner Svalbard Branch the coast. Atlantic Water observed to be warmer and shallower than in the climatology, is found directly below the mixed layer down to 800 m depth, and is warmest along the slope, while its properties inside the basin are quite homogeneous. From late May onwards, the drift was continually close to the ice edge and a thinner surface mixed layer and shallower Atlantic Water coincided with significant sea ice melt being observed.

show abstract

“…Bintanja and Selten (), Park et al () Woods and Caballero (), Graham et al (), and Rinke et al () suggest that there is strong evidence of a change of the Arctic climate regime, especially for the Atlantic sector toward a higher storm frequency and more precipitation events. An increase in frequency and duration of winter warming events in the North Pole region, from the Atlantic sector is shown by Graham et al ().…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thin Sea Ice, Thick Snow, and Widespread Negative Freeboard Observed During N‐ICE2015 North of Svalbard

et al. 2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In recent years, sea‐ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean changed substantially toward a younger and thinner sea‐ice cover. To capture the scope of these changes and identify the differences between individual regions, in situ observations from expeditions are a valuable data source. We present a continuous time series of in situ measurements from the N‐ICE2015 expedition from January to June 2015 in the Arctic Basin north of Svalbard, comprising snow buoy and ice mass balance buoy data and local and regional data gained from electromagnetic induction (EM) surveys and snow probe measurements from four distinct drifts. The observed mean snow depth of 0.53 m for April to early June is 73% above the average value of 0.30 m from historical and recent observations in this region, covering the years 1955–2017. The modal total ice and snow thicknesses, of 1.6 and 1.7 m measured with ground‐based EM and airborne EM measurements in April, May, and June 2015, respectively, lie below the values ranging from 1.8 to 2.7 m, reported in historical observations from the same region and time of year. The thick snow cover slows thermodynamic growth of the underlying sea ice. In combination with a thin sea‐ice cover this leads to an imbalance between snow and ice thickness, which causes widespread negative freeboard with subsequent flooding and a potential for snow‐ice formation. With certainty, 29% of randomly located drill holes on level ice had negative freeboard.

show abstract

A comparison of the two Arctic atmospheric winter states observed during N‐ICE2015 and SHEBA

Cited by 67 publications

References 72 publications

On the Increasing Importance of Air-Sea Exchanges in a Thawing Arctic: A Review

On the Increasing Importance of Air-Sea Exchanges in a Thawing Arctic: A Review

Winter to summer oceanographic observations in the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard

Thin Sea Ice, Thick Snow, and Widespread Negative Freeboard Observed During N‐ICE2015 North of Svalbard

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About