A comparison of toxic and essential elements in edible wild and cultivated mushroom species

Abstract

The multi-elemental composition of 4 edible wild-growing mushroom species that commonly occur in Polish forests was compared to 13 cultivated mushroom species available in trade. A considerable variation in the macroelements content was revealed with cultivated species containing higher amounts of macroelements. The mean content of B, Co, Cr, Fe, Pb, Pr, Pt, Sb, Sm, Sr, Te, and Tm was higher in cultivated mushroom species, while the opposite was noted for Ba, Cd, Cu, Hg, La, Mo, Sc, and Zn. Selected cultivated forms exhibited increased content of Al (F. velutipes), As (H. marmoreus, F. velutipes), Ni (P. ostreatus, A. polytricha, H. marmoreus), and Pb (P. ostreatus, A. polytricha, F. velupites, and L. edodes). Wild-growing species, B. boletus, I. badia, and S. bovinus contained high Hg levels, close to or exceeding tolerable intakes. Compared to cultivated mushrooms, they also generally revealed a significantly increased content of Al (with the highest content in B. edulis and I. badia), As and Cd (with the highest content in B. edulis and S. bovinus in both cases). In turn, the cultivated mushrooms were characterized by a higher content of Ni (particularly in A. bisporus) and Pb (with the highest content in P. eryngii). The exposure risks may, however, differ between wild and cultivated mushrooms since the former are consumed seasonally (although in some regions at a high level), while the latter are available throughout the year. Both cultivated and wild-growing mushrooms were found to be a poor source of Ca and Mg, and only a supplemental source of K, Cu, Fe, and Zn in the human diet. These results suggest that mushrooms collected from the wild or cultivated, should be consumed sparingly. The study advocates for more strict monitoring measures of the content of toxic metals/metalloids in mushrooms distributed as food, preferentially through the establishment of maximum allowance levels not limited only to a few elements and mushroom species.

Antiradical and functional properties of subcritical water extracts from edible mushrooms and from commercial counterparts

“…Sodium, calcium and magnesium exhibited similar values in all samples. Calcium content is consistent with the mean values reported by Mleczek et al (2021) in Pleurotus citrinopileatus (554 mg kg À1 ) and P. eryngii (652 mg kg À1 ) whereas sodium and magnesium contents are higher in the samples herein analysed. Heavy toxic metals were under detection limits.…”

“…Calcium content is consistent with the mean values reported by Mleczek et al . (2021) in Pleurotus citrinopileatus (554 mg kg −1 ) and P . eryngii (652 mg kg −1 ) whereas sodium and magnesium contents are higher in the samples herein analysed.…”

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Occurrence in Two Wild Edible Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) Collected from Rajaji National Park

“…P. djamor is well appreciated for its high antioxidants and protein content. This species has been reported to accumulate the highest amounts of heavy metals among Pleurotus spp., and mainly has the highest Pb concentrations [ 17 ]. These authors also acknowledged the following decreasing order in terms of total metal bioaccumulation: P. cirinopileatus > P. djamor > P. eryngii > P. ostreatus .…”

Edible Mushroom Cultivated in Polluted Soils and its Potential Risks on Human Health: A short communication

“…Therefore, periodic monitoring of contaminants in soil is a must to avoid the potential risks that may arise when feeding on mushrooms containing high levels of contaminants in their tissues. Also, there is a need to offer a broad overview of the nutritional value of these edible mushrooms (Mleczek et al 2021).The benefits of mushrooms for human health have been reported by several researchers as mentioned before. In many places all over the world, mushrooms may threaten human health when they are growing in polluted soils.…”

“…Therefore, understanding the occurrence, fate, and behaviour of pollutants like potentially toxic elements in soil-growing mushrooms-human nexus is crucial for mitigating and assessing their risks to human health (Gwenzi et al 2021). Recently, enormous literatures from several countries have been published on the risks of edible mushrooms containing toxic pollutants for human health as reported in Poland (Siwulski et al 2020;Mleczek et al 2021;Ronda et al 2022), China (Wang et al 2021Ernst et al 2022), Iran (Dowlati et al 2021Karami et al 2021), Turkey (Keskin et al 2021a, b), and Spain (Melgar and García 2021). Generally, pollutants may contain organic toxicants, potentially toxic elements (heavy metals), radioactive pollutants or radioisotopes or radionuclides (Dowlati et al 2021;Gwenzi et al 2021;Karami et al 2021;Wang et al 2021;Ernst et al 2022;Ronda et al 2022).…”