A Comparison of Visual Attention Guiding Approaches for 360° Image-Based VR Tours

Subtle Attention Guidance for Real Walking in Virtual Environments

“…In particular, Haptic Feedback Luminance Modulation [4] PulseLight and PulseVibe [16] VRHapticDrones [7] FacePush [1] GazeRecall [12] Visual Stimuli [2] Diegetic Cues [13] Scaptics [10] Directing vs. Attracting [14] Arrow, Butterfly, Radar [18] Attention Funnel [17] Rubber Band [15] This work and Temporal Luminance Modulation are generally considered to be AG methods that are not distracting for the user while navigating in a VE [4,10,12,16]. Further, they can be better applied together with redirection techniques, as introduced by Razzaque [11].…”

“…Following the current state-of-the-art [2,14,18,19,22], we measure the search time between step 3 and 5 for the data collection. Using the search time for all 10 target objects, we then calculate the mean and the median values.…”

“…If users find a target object, they need to grab it with the VR controller by touching the object and pressing a button. In previous work [2,13,14,18,22], usually line of sight trajectories or head direction were used to check if the users have found the target objects. However, this could lead to false positive situations in which the target objects were accidentally in the line of sight of the users (e.g.…”

“…To guide users, the AG methods use stimuli conveyed through different sensory modalities. AG methods predominantly rely on the visual, auditory, and tactile sensory channels [2,3,13,14,18,19,22]. The effectiveness of an AG method is often related to the completion time required for the user to reach and find a target object in the VE.…”

The Effect of Spatial Reference on Visual Attention and Workload during Viewpoint Guidance in Augmented Reality

“…It can therefore be assumed that egocentric target cueing leads to less effort in visualspatial information processing than exocentric cueing and thus enables a faster and more precise localization of off-screen targets [7,43,52]. However, other works have shown the opposite [44,53] or could not prove differences between arrows and maps as was recently shown for visual attention guidance in virtual reality (VR) environments [57]. Thus, there is no evidence that exclusively an egocentric perspective leads to efficient localization of off-screen targets.…”