“…The heuristic supervisory control is often based on the load-levelling concept (Jalil, Kheir, & Salman, 1997;Rahman, Butler, & Ehsani, 2000), namely operating the engine at its efficient region while using the battery for leverage. Other rule-based PMS use heuristic rules, fuzzy logic or neural networks (He, Parten, & Maxwell, 2005;Salman, Schouten, & Kheir, 2000) for estimation and control implementation.…”