A comparison study of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibody between male and female COVID‐19 patients: A possible reason underlying different outcome between sex

Fan-dian, Zeng; Dai, Chan; Cai, Peng; Wang, Jinbiao; Xu, Lei; Li, Jianyu; Hu, Guoyun; Wang, Zheng; Zheng, Fang; Wang, Lin

doi:10.1002/jmv.25989

Cited by 280 publications

(263 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…36 Additionally, females generated a stronger IgG production early on in the disease course compared with male patients, which is consistent with preexisting literature. 36…”

Section: The Potential Role Of the X-chromosomesupporting

confidence: 88%

“…23,24,30,[32][33][34][35] In support of this, a study analyzing serum from 331 hospitalized patients found that most female patients with severe COVID-19 had more than 100 AU/mL of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, while most male patients had less than 100 AU/mL. 36 Additionally, females generated a stronger IgG production early on in the disease course compared with male patients, which is consistent with preexisting literature. 36…”

Section: The Potential Role Of the X-chromosomesupporting

confidence: 77%

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COVID-19 and Sex-/Gender-Specific Differences: Understanding the Discrimination

Amgalan

Malinowski

Othman

2020

Semin Thromb Hemost

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“…36 Additionally, females generated a stronger IgG production early on in the disease course compared with male patients, which is consistent with preexisting literature. 36…”

Section: The Potential Role Of the X-chromosomesupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: The Potential Role Of the X-chromosomesupporting

confidence: 77%

COVID-19 and Sex-/Gender-Specific Differences: Understanding the Discrimination

Amgalan

Malinowski

Othman

2020

Semin Thromb Hemost

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Another study investigated IgG levels between male and female COVID-19 patients, stratifying patients by disease severity into mild, moderate, and severe status and into early, active, and recovery phases. While there was no significant difference in serum IgG levels across gender in mild and recovering patients, IgG levels in women were significantly elevated in the early disease phase and in severe cases ( 57 ). This situational increase in antibody titers cannot yet be determined as helpful or harmful in SARS, but it is worth noting for future investigation.…”

Section: Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 75%

What’s Sex Got to Do With COVID-19? Gender-Based Differences in the Host Immune Response to Coronaviruses

et al. 2020

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The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has ravaged the world, with over 22 million total cases and over 770,000 deaths worldwide as of August 18, 2020. While the elderly are most severely affected, implicating an age bias, a striking factor in the demographics of this deadly disease is the gender bias, with higher numbers of cases, greater disease severity, and higher death rates among men than women across the lifespan. While pre-existing comorbidities and social, behavioral, and lifestyle factors contribute to this bias, biological factors underlying the host immune response may be crucial contributors. Women mount stronger immune responses to infections and vaccinations and outlive men. Sex-based biological factors underlying the immune response are therefore important determinants of susceptibility to infections, disease outcomes, and mortality. Despite this, gender is a profoundly understudied and often overlooked variable in research related to the immune response and infectious diseases, and it is largely ignored in drug and vaccine clinical trials. Understanding these factors will not only help better understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19, but it will also guide the design of effective therapies and vaccine strategies for gender-based personalized medicine. This review focuses on sex-based differences in genes, sex hormones, and the microbiome underlying the host immune response and their relevance to infections with a focus on coronaviruses.

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“…Female individuals generally have stronger innate and adaptive immune responses than males, because the X-chromosome contains more copy numbers of immune-related genes [16]. A recent observation that the female patients have higher level of IgG antibody against SAES-CoV-2 compared with male patients [17], provides direct evidence for sex differences in immune responses. Severity of COVID-19 was de ned according to the diagnostic and treatment guideline for SARS-CoV-2 issued by Chinese National Health Committee (version 3-5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cross-Sectional Study of Olfactory and Taste Disorders in COVID-19 Patients in China

Sun

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Objective To determine the prevalance and features of olfactory and taste disorders in coronavirus disease of 2019（CoVID-19）patients in China. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed from 3 April to 15 April 2020 in Wuhan. A total of 187 patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection completed face-to-face interviews or telephone follow-up. Patients information including epidemiological, clinical, imaging, and serological records and treatment and outcomes data. Patients were further evaluated using questionnaires and visual analogue scale. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software (version 22.0). Results The enrolled 187 patients, 23 (12.3%) reported olfactory disorders, 42 (22.46%) reported taste disorders. Females are more prone to olfactory and taste disorders. Among patients that can clearly describe the fluctuation of olfactory and taste disfunctions, 4 (20.0%) and 7(18.92%) cases occurred before other symptoms appeared, the average number of days in advance was 3.5 and 3.57, respectively. The majority of patients can return to normal or basic normal, but in 4(17.39%) and 9(21.43%) cases olfactory and taste can not fully recoveried during the research period. Conclusions Prevalence of olfactory and taste disorders substantially lower in China cohorts compared to abroad COVID-19 cohorts. The prevalence of olfactory and taste disorders in COVID-19 patients was higher in females than in males. In some patients, olfactory and taste disorders precede other symptoms and can be used as a symbol for early screening and warning. The restoration of olfactory and taste function was independent of age; females recover more easily than males; olfactory or taste disorders was not easily recovered for patients with clinically classified as severe; when olfactory or taste disorders itself was serious, it was not easy to recover; olfactory or taste disorders occured early in the disease were more likely to be recovered, otherwise they were hard to be recovered.

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A comparison study of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibody between male and female COVID‐19 patients: A possible reason underlying different outcome between sex

Cited by 280 publications

References 12 publications

COVID-19 and Sex-/Gender-Specific Differences: Understanding the Discrimination

COVID-19 and Sex-/Gender-Specific Differences: Understanding the Discrimination

What’s Sex Got to Do With COVID-19? Gender-Based Differences in the Host Immune Response to Coronaviruses

A Cross-Sectional Study of Olfactory and Taste Disorders in COVID-19 Patients in China

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