“…The extant mtDNA diversity is partitioned into six divergent lineages with parapatric distribution: Western-South (WS), Western-North (WN), Italian (ITA), Balkan (B), Central (CEN), and Eastern (E) (Bužan, Förster, Searle, & Kryštufek, 2010; Haynes, Jaarola, & Searle, 2003; Heckel, Burri, Fink, Desmet, & Excoffier, 2005; Stojak, McDevitt, Herman, Searle, & Wójcik, 2015) (Figure 1b). Most of the previous studies estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the extant common vole populations to between 65 and 50 ka ago and subsequent divergence of main lineages to between 50 and 20 ka ago (García et al, 2020; Heckel et al, 2005; Stojak et al, 2016). In contrast, Fink et al (2004) and Tougard et al (2008) used fossil calibration to suggest a much older diversification in the Middle Pleistocene.…”