A Composite Picture of the Normal Menstrual Cycle

Punnonen, R.; Nummi, S.; Ylikorkala, Olavi; Alapiessa, U.; Karvonen, P.; Viinikka, Lasse

doi:10.3109/00016347509156434

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The third blood sample was collected 2 days before the date of ovulation, when plasma estrogen levels are expected to be at their peak values [51,57]. At this time, blood progesterone is expected to be moderately elevated [51,57]. The last blood sample was obtained 9 days following the third sample, which was approximately 7 days before the start of the next expected menstrual cycle.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first female blood sample was collected during the first day of the participant's menstrual cycle, when expected plasma levels of estrogen and progesterone are lowest [51,57]. The second blood sample was taken on Day 7, when levels of estrogen are moderately elevated compared with baseline plasma levels, and progesterone levels are relatively low [51,57].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We calculated the day of ovulation by subtracting 14 days from the expected date of the next menstruation. The third blood sample was collected 2 days before the date of ovulation, when plasma estrogen levels are expected to be at their peak values [51,57]. At this time, blood progesterone is expected to be moderately elevated [51,57].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second blood sample was taken on Day 7, when levels of estrogen are moderately elevated compared with baseline plasma levels, and progesterone levels are relatively low [51,57]. We calculated the day of ovulation by subtracting 14 days from the expected date of the next menstruation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fluctuations of plasma estrogen and progesterone levels during the average 28-day menstrual cycle are predictable [51][52][53][54][55][56][57].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Blood Glutamate Levels: Evidence from Changes of Blood Glutamate Levels During the Menstrual Cycle in Women

Zlotnik

Gruenbaum

Mohar

et al. 2011

Biology of Reproduction

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The gonadal steroids estrogen and progesterone have been shown to have neuroprotective properties against various neurodegenerative conditions. Excessive concentrations of glutamate have been found to exert neurotoxic properties. We hypothesize that estrogen and progesterone provide neuroprotection by the autoregulation of blood and brain glutamate levels. Venous blood samples (10 ml) were taken from 31 men and 45 women to determine blood glutamate, estrogen, progesterone, glucose, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) levels, collected on Days 1, 7, 12, and 21 of the female participants' menstrual cycle. Blood glutamate concentrations were higher in men than in women at the start of menstruation (P < 0.05). Blood glutamate levels in women decreased significantly on Days 7 (P < 0.01), 12 (P < 0.001), and 21 (P < 0.001) in comparison with blood glutamate levels on Day 1. There was a significant decrease in blood glutamate levels on Days 12 (P < 0.001) and 21 (P < 0.001) in comparison with blood glutamate levels on Day 7. Furthermore, there was an increase in blood glutamate levels on Day 21 compared with Day 12 (P < 0.05). In women, there were elevated levels of estrogen on Days 7 (P < 0.05), 12, and 21 (P < 0.001), and elevated levels of progesterone on Days 12 and 21 (P < 0.001). There were no differences between men and women with respect to blood glucose concentrations. Concentrations of GOT (P < 0.05) and GPT (P < 0.001) were significantly higher in men than in women during the entire cycle. The results of this study demonstrate that blood glutamate levels are inversely correlated to levels of plasma estrogen and progesterone.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fluctuations of plasma estrogen and progesterone levels during the average 28-day menstrual cycle are predictable [51][52][53][54][55][56][57].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Blood Glutamate Levels: Evidence from Changes of Blood Glutamate Levels During the Menstrual Cycle in Women

Zlotnik

Gruenbaum

Mohar

et al. 2011

Biology of Reproduction

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Relaxation time changes of the uterus during the menstrual cycle: correlation with hormonal status

Varpula

Komu

Irjala

1993

European Journal of Radiology

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Steroidogenic enzymes: Structure, function, and role in regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis

Hanukoglu

1992

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

479

278

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In the pathways of steroid hormone biosynthesis there are two major types of enzymes: cytochromes P450 and other steroid oxidoreductases. This review presents an overview of the function and expression of both types of enzymes with emphasis on steroidogenic P450s. The final part of the review on regulation of steroidogenesis includes a description of the normal physiological fluctuations in the steroid output of adrenal cortex and gonads, and provides an analysis of the relative role of enzyme levels in the determination of these fluctuations. The repertoire of enzymes expressed in a steroidogenic cell matches the cell's capacity for the biosynthesis of specific steroids. Thus, steroidogenic capacity is regulated mainly by tissue and cell specific expression of enzymes, and not by selective activation or inhibition of enzymes from a larger repertoire. The quantitative capacity of steroidogenic cells for the biosynthesis of specific steroids is determined by the levels of steroidogenic enzymes. The major physiological variations in enzyme levels, are generally associated with parallel changes in gene expression. The level of expression of each steroidogenic enzyme varies in three characteristics: (a) tissue- and cell-specific expression, determined during tissue and cell differentiation; (b) basal expression, in the absence of trophic hormonal stimulation; and (c) hormonal signal regulated expression. Each of these three types of expression probably represent the functioning of distinct gene regulatory elements. In adult steroidogenic tissues, the levels of most of the cell- and tissue-specific steroidogenic enzymes depend mainly on trophic hormonal stimulation mediated by a complex network of signal transduction systems.

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A Composite Picture of the Normal Menstrual Cycle

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

The Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Blood Glutamate Levels: Evidence from Changes of Blood Glutamate Levels During the Menstrual Cycle in Women

The Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Blood Glutamate Levels: Evidence from Changes of Blood Glutamate Levels During the Menstrual Cycle in Women

Relaxation time changes of the uterus during the menstrual cycle: correlation with hormonal status

Steroidogenic enzymes: Structure, function, and role in regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis

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