A comprehensive analysis of food waste derived liquefaction bio-oil properties for industrial application

Chen, Wei‐Hsin; Lin, Yu Ying; Liu, Hsuah Cheng; Chen, Teng Chien; Hung, Chun Hung; Chen, Chi Hui; Ong, Hwai Chyuan

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.12.084

Cited by 108 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…To better explain the reactions occurring during the foaming process, foams F1, F2, and F3 were prepared according to the formulations in Table 1 without adding olive stone flour, and tested by FTIR, the results being shown in Figure 7. The wide peak at 3100-3500cm −1 is characteristic of the O-H stretching vibration [26,37,38], it can be observed from Figure 7 that curve F3 has a strong absorption peak here. This indicates that foam F3 contains more hydroxyl groups, which is mainly due to the larger Polymers 2020, 12, 692 8 of 13 amount of glyoxal used in the formulation.…”

Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 87%

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Characterization and Preparation of Furanic-Glyoxal Foams

Pizzi

Lei

et al. 2020

Polymers

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Synthetic foams have become an essential industrial product for a great variety of applications. Furfuryl alcohol, as a biomass chemical, was reacted with glyoxal at room temperature to prepare furanic-glyoxal rigid foams, and p-toluenesulfonic acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Foams with different molar ratios (furfuryl alcohol/glyoxal) were prepared in this work, and uniform cells foams have been obtained. Their compression resistance, 24-h water absorption, density, and other basic properties were tested. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the cellular morphology of the foams prepared, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) helped to understand their thermal and combustion properties, and FTIR and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time of Flight (MALDI ToF) mass spectroscopy to explain the structure of the resulting foams to clarify the reactions occurring during foaming. The results show that the compression resistance of furanic-glyoxal foams declined as the furfuryl alcohol/glyoxal ratio decreases also. SEM observations revealed that foams with open-cell were obtained when furfuryl alcohol was added in greater amounts, and more closed cell structures were formed as the proportion of glyoxal increased. TGA results showed that the initial ignition temperature of furanic-glyoxal foams is ~200 °C higher than that of wood, and the smaller comprehensive combustion index S (about 0.15 × 10−7 (%2 K−3 min−2)) indicates that the foam burns slowly and has poor flammability, that is, it is not easy to burn.

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Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 87%

“…This indicates that furanic-glyoxal foams are not easy to ignite compared to wood or other lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, the combustibility characteristic index S of the foams is calculated [37,38] in accordance with the following formula.…”

Section: Thermogravimetric Analysis (Tga)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Preparation of Furanic-Glyoxal Foams

Pizzi

Lei

et al. 2020

Polymers

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“…A major limitation in previous studies for the characterization of bio-crude oil chemistry is the dependence on gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), which is not able to detect many of the compounds in bio-crude oil (Aierzhati et al, 2019;Chen et al, 2019a;Marx et al, 2020). High-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) has been employed to characterize highly complex samples like fossil fuels (Shi et al, 2010), algal HTL bio-crude oil (Cheng et al, 2019), pyrolysis bio-oil (Palacio Lozano et al, 2020, and natural resin (Vahur et al, 2012;Cheng et al, 2020b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste: Effect of Process Parameters on Product Yields and Chemistry

Bayat

Dehghanizadeh

Jarvis

et al. 2021

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Increasing food waste generation (1.6 billion tons per year globally) due to urban and industrial development has prompted researchers to pursue alternative waste management methods. Energy valorization of food waste is a method that can reduce the environmental impacts of landfills and the global reliance on crude oil for liquid fuels. In this study, food waste was converted to bio-crude oil via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in a batch reactor at moderate temperatures (240–295°C), reaction times (0–60 min), and 15 wt.% solids loading. The maximum HTL bio-crude oil yield (27.5 wt.%), and energy recovery (49%) were obtained at 240°C and 30 min, while the highest bio-crude oil energy content (40.2 MJ/kg) was observed at 295°C. The properties of the bio-crude oil were determined using thermogravimetric analysis, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, CHNS elemental analysis, and ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy (FT-ICR MS). FT-ICR MS results indicated that the majority of the detected compounds in the bio-crude oil were oxygen-containing species. The O4 class was the most abundant class of heteroatom-containing compounds in all HTL bio-crude oil samples produced at 240°C; the O2 class was the most abundant class obtained at 265 and 295°C. The total FAME content of the bio-crude oil was 15–37 wt.%, of which the most abundant were palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:3N:3, C18:3N:6).

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“…9 Since the early 90s, researchers have been embarking on research and development of thermochemical conversion processes that will play a critical role in alleviating the energy supply deciency. The novelty in these processes is that different material feedstocks, commonly coal, [10][11][12] including waste products such as waste tyres, [12][13][14] biomass; [15][16][17] plastics; [18][19][20] food waste; [21][22][23] microalgae; 24 and animal manure 25 etc. can be employed to yield high-end nal products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%