A comprehensive catalogue of polyketide synthase gene clusters in lichenizing fungi

Bertrand, Robert L.; Sorensen, John L.

doi:10.1007/s10295-018-2080-y

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…Lichens are symbiotic associations of algae and fungi or cyanobacteria living in amongst the filaments of various fungi such as Trichoderma spp., Usnea , and Cladonia uncialis . The lichenising fungi have polyketide synthase gene clusters, which enable them to produce orsellinic acid and its derivatives [ 163 , 164 , 165 ]. However, they can also produce unique phenolic acids.…”

Section: Production and Extraction Of Phenolic Acids From Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Prospects of Phenolic Acids Production, Biorefinery and Analysis

et al. 2020

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Biotechnological production of phenolic acids is attracting increased interest due to their superior antioxidant activity, as well as other antimicrobial, dietary, and health benefits. As secondary metabolites, primarily found in plants and fungi, they are effective free radical scavengers due to the phenolic group available in their structure. Therefore, phenolic acids are widely utilised by pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and chemical industries. A demand for phenolic acids is mostly satisfied by utilising chemically synthesised compounds, with only a low quantity obtained from natural sources. As an alternative to chemical synthesis, environmentally friendly bio-based technologies are necessary for development in large-scale production. One of the most promising sustainable technologies is the utilisation of microbial cell factories for biosynthesis of phenolic acids. In this paper, we perform a systematic comparison of the best known natural sources of phenolic acids. The advances and prospects in the development of microbial cell factories for biosynthesis of these bioactive compounds are discussed in more detail. A special consideration is given to the modern production methods and analytics of phenolic acids.

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Section: Production and Extraction Of Phenolic Acids From Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Prospects of Phenolic Acids Production, Biorefinery and Analysis

et al. 2020

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“…2009 ) and solanapyrone ( Kaur 1995 ). Although lichenized fungi are prolific SM producers ( Oksanen 2006 ; Bertrand and Sorensen 2018 ; Calcott et al. 2018 ), lichenized Dothideomycetes genomes have not been sequenced here or elsewhere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Architecture of Metabolism Maximizes Biosynthetic Diversity in the Largest Class of Fungi

Gluck‐Thaler

Haridas

Binder³

et al. 2020

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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Abstract Ecological diversity in fungi is largely defined by metabolic traits, including the ability to produce secondary or “specialized” metabolites (SMs) that mediate interactions with other organisms. Fungal SM pathways are frequently encoded in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which facilitate the identification and characterization of metabolic pathways. Variation in BGC composition reflects the diversity of their SM products. Recent studies have documented surprising diversity of BGC repertoires among isolates of the same fungal species, yet little is known about how this population-level variation is inherited across macroevolutionary timescales. Here, we applied a novel linkage-based algorithm to reveal previously unexplored dimensions of diversity in BGC composition, distribution, and repertoire across 101 species of Dothideomycetes, which are considered the most phylogenetically diverse class of fungi and known to produce many SMs. We predicted both complementary and overlapping sets of clustered genes compared with existing methods and identified novel gene pairs that associate with known secondary metabolite genes. We found that variation among sets of BGCs in individual genomes is due to nonoverlapping BGC combinations and that several BGCs have biased ecological distributions, consistent with niche-specific selection. We observed that total BGC diversity scales linearly with increasing repertoire size, suggesting that secondary metabolites have little structural redundancy in individual fungi. We project that there is substantial unsampled BGC diversity across specific families of Dothideomycetes, which will provide a roadmap for future sampling efforts. Our approach and findings lend new insight into how BGC diversity is generated and maintained across an entire fungal taxonomic class.

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“…The declining cost of next‐generation sequencing platforms have allowed natural products chemists to sequence lichen genomes and annotate genes associated with secondary metabolism . As a result, more than one hundred complete PKS genes have been reported in lichens and speculative biosynthetic pathways have been ascribed to 10 of these PKS using transcription profiling, retrobiosynthetic deductions, and homology mapping . Nonetheless, there has not been a conclusive linking of gene to molecule in lichens using heterologous expression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lost in Translation: Challenges with Heterologous Expression of Lichen Polyketide Synthases

Bertrand

Sorensen

2019

ChemistrySelect

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The ability to functionally express proteins in hosts is a precondition to an advanced understanding of the biosynthetic pathways that are responsible for producing life's complex molecules. The study of secondary metabolites in lichen‐forming fungi has long been hampered by slow growth. This study, reports on heterologous expression trials of four polyketide synthase (PKS) genes from C. uncialis in Aspergillus oryzae NSAR1. Isolation of mRNA and RT‐PCR demonstrated that A. oryzae can transcribe all lichen genes and remove introns to produce translationally‐coherent mRNA. Transformation of A. oryzae with a codon‐optimized PKS did not result in metabolite production, nor did co‐expression of a number of accessory genes restore function to any lichen PKS. Genes encoding an orsellinic acid synthase (OAS) from Fusarium sp. and a 6‐methylsalicylic acid synthase (6MSAS) from Penicillum sp. were transformed into A. oryzae. Readily detectable amounts of de novo orsellinic acid and 6‐methylsalicylic acid biosynthesis were observed in A. oryzae when transformed with these non‐lichen PKS genes. However, transformation with functionally homologous PKS genes from C. uncialis produced no detectable product. This work demonstrates that lichen PKS genes are correctly transcribed by A. oryzae but that polyketide biosynthesis failed for a reason that is presently unknown but may be attributable to a fault of translation

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A comprehensive catalogue of polyketide synthase gene clusters in lichenizing fungi

Cited by 21 publications

References 123 publications

Advances and Prospects of Phenolic Acids Production, Biorefinery and Analysis

Advances and Prospects of Phenolic Acids Production, Biorefinery and Analysis

The Architecture of Metabolism Maximizes Biosynthetic Diversity in the Largest Class of Fungi

Lost in Translation: Challenges with Heterologous Expression of Lichen Polyketide Synthases

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