A comprehensive literature review of Islam-oriented scales on religiosity, spirituality, and morality

Abstract

Measurements play a significant role in the scientific investigation of religious phenomena. The study of religion, in general, has attracted considerable attention from academia and literature. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic analysis of the literature regarding scales that have been developed for measuring variables with Islamic relevance and importance, having a theoretical framework embedded in the primary sources of Islamic literature (the Quran and hadith) and validated on Muslim samples. Six well-known databases were selected—ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Emerald Insight, and Google Scholar—to conduct an in-depth search of existing literature on the topic. Results revealed three broad concepts that have been the focus of measurement: religiosity, spirituality, and morality. Based on our analysis, it can be suggested that although there has been an increase in measuring Islamic religiousness in recent years, there is scope for improvement. This analytical review can be a valuable resource for researchers interested in selecting a valid and trustworthy scale that meets the criteria of their study settings.

Akhlāq scale: Development and estimation of psychometric properties.

“…There were several factors that influenced the decision to conduct this study. To begin with, a thorough examination of Islamic-oriented scales, such as that undertaken by Salleh et al (2016), Aziz et al (2021), andNabi et al (2023), showed that the most measured components related to Islam are personality, religiosity, beliefs, and morality, which include repentance, This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.…”

“…fear, hope, gratitude, and so forth, falling under four categories: religiosity, spirituality, morality, and Islamic well-being (Nabi et al, 2023). The majority of the scales measures religiosity (Nabi et al, 2023).…”

“…fear, hope, gratitude, and so forth, falling under four categories: religiosity, spirituality, morality, and Islamic well-being (Nabi et al, 2023). The majority of the scales measures religiosity (Nabi et al, 2023). Among those that were related to morality were the Moral Character of Muslim Personality Scale and the Moral Values Inventory developed by Al-Ammar et al ( 2012) and Abdullah et al (2010) to assess the moral aspects of Muslim personality.…”

“…There were several factors that influenced the decision to conduct this study. To begin with, a thorough examination of Islamic-oriented scales, such as that undertaken by Salleh et al (2016), Aziz et al (2021), and Nabi et al (2023), showed that the most measured components related to Islam are personality, religiosity, beliefs, and morality, which include repentance, fear, hope, gratitude, and so forth, falling under four categories: religiosity, spirituality, morality, and Islamic well-being (Nabi et al, 2023). The majority of the scales measures religiosity (Nabi et al, 2023).…”

“…To begin with, a thorough examination of Islamic-oriented scales, such as that undertaken by Salleh et al (2016), Aziz et al (2021), and Nabi et al (2023), showed that the most measured components related to Islam are personality, religiosity, beliefs, and morality, which include repentance, fear, hope, gratitude, and so forth, falling under four categories: religiosity, spirituality, morality, and Islamic well-being (Nabi et al, 2023). The majority of the scales measures religiosity (Nabi et al, 2023). Among those that were related to morality were the Moral Character of Muslim Personality Scale and the Moral Values Inventory developed by Al-Ammar et al (2012) and Abdullah et al (2010) to assess the moral aspects of Muslim personality.…”