A comprehensive overview of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of superficial fungal infections of the skin

Calzavara‐Pinton, Piergiacomo; Venturini, Marina; Sala, Raffaella

doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.06.006

Cited by 184 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Upon exposure to light, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) induces cytotoxic effects through oxygen-dependent photochemical reactions that damage mainly the mitochondria, where PpIX is synthesized, and plasma membranes. And prolonged irradiation evokes the additional alteration of other cytoplasmic structures and the inhibition of the synthesis of DNA and RNA [21]. This treatment causes not only complete destruction of fungal hyphae but also inactivation of spores which frequently remain and survive on the skin after medical treatment, enabling the start of recurrence [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic therapy: New treatment for recalcitrant Malassezia folliculitis

Lee

Kim

2010

Lasers Surg Med

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BackgroundMalassezia folliculitis commonly has been treated with oral antifungal medications. However, it has many therapeutic weaknesses such as infection relapse, drug resistance, or adverse effects like hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal discomfort. Hence, there remains an ongoing need for alternative treatments for recalcitrant Malassezia folliculitis. Recently, many dermatologists suggest photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an alternative therapeutic option for its antimicrobial effect.ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of methyl 5‐aminolevulinic acid (MAL)‐PDT for the treatment of recalcitrant Malassezia folliculitis.Materials and MethodsSix Korean patients aged 23–47 years with recalcitrant Malassezia folliculitis were enrolled in this study. The patients enrolled in this study either refused oral medication or were unable to take oral antifungal agents due to hepatotoxicity concerns. Thus, we offered these patients MAL‐PDT as an alternative treatment option. For all patients, photographs of the lesion(s) were taken prior to initiating treatment. MAL cream (Metvix®, Galderma, France) was applied to each lesion (located on the patients' trunks) and covered with an adhesive occlusive dressing polyurethane film (Tegaderm®, 3M Healthcare, St. Paul, MN). After 3 hours, the cream was wiped off and illumination was performed immediately thereafter with non‐coherent red light using light‐emitting diodes (Aktilite® lamp, PhotoCure, Oslo, Norway, average wavelength 630 nm, light dose 37 J/cm2). Illumination was performed for 7.5 minutes. Patients underwent totally three sessions of MAL‐PDT at 2‐week intervals. One month after the last PDT treatment, patients returned to the hospital and lesions were photographed.ResultsAfter three sessions of MAL‐PDT, inflammatory lesions had decreased and improved obviously in four patients, had improved slightly in one patient, and had not improved in one patient.ConclusionMAL‐PDT may be an effective treatment option for patients with recalcitrant Malassezia folliculitis. However, the data on MAL‐PDT are still limited, and additional controlled trials including multiple patients will be necessary to verify the results of this pilot study. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:192–196, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic therapy: New treatment for recalcitrant Malassezia folliculitis

Lee

Kim

2010

Lasers Surg Med

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“…This contributes to the inhibition effect of 1 O 2 on vital cells (Benabbou et al 2011;Dahl et al 1989). Higher resistance in C. albicans to killing by 1 O 2 is the result of presence of nuclear membrane, acting as additional barrier against penetration of 1 O 2 (Zeina et al 2001), or caused by cell size, these cells being 25-50 times larger than are cells of S. aureus and E. coli (Zeina et al 2001;Calzavara-Pinton et al 2005). While smaller cells of tested bacteria are killed after being hit, and the effect spread over entire cell, at sensitive sites by single 1 O 2 , substantially larger yeasts require multiple hits.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hybrid methylene blue–zeolite system: a higher efficient photocatalyst for photoinactivation of pathogenic microorganisms

Smolinská

Čı́k

Šeršeň

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The composite system can be prepared by incorporation of methylene blue (MB) into the channels of zeolite and by adsorption on the surface of the crystals. The composite photosensitizer effectively absorbs the red light (k max = 648 nm) and upon illumination with light-emitting diode at a fluence rate of 1.02 mW cm -2 generates effectively reactive singlet oxygen in aqueous solution, which was proved by EPR spectroscopy. To test efficiency for inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms, we measured photokilling of bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and yeasts Candida albicans. We found out that after the microorganisms have been adsorbed at the surface of such modified zeolite, the photogenerated singlet oxygen quickly penetrates their cell walls, bringing about their effective photoinactivation. The growth inhibition reached almost 50 % at 200 and 400 mg modified zeolite in 1 ml of medium in E. coli and C. albicans, respectively. On the other hand, the growth inhibition of S. aureus reached 50 % at far smaller amount of photocatalyst (30 lg per 1 ml of medium). These results demonstrate differences in sensitivities of bacteria and yeast growth. The comparison revealed that concentration required for IC 50 was in case of C. albicans several orders of magnitude lower for a zeolite-immobilized dye than it was for a freely dissolved dye. In S. aureus, this concentration was even lower by four orders of magnitude. Thus, our work suggested a new possibility to exploitation of zeolite and MB in the protection of biologically contaminated environment, and in photodynamic therapy.

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“…Fotodinamik etki ile maya hüc-relerininde fermentasyon, glikoliz ve oksidatif fosforilasyon yapan enzimlerinin inaktif olduğu gösterilmiştir (27) . Suda çözünür özellikte monosülfonat-çinko ftalosiyaninlerin Saccharomyces cerevisiae maya hücrele-rine karşı yüksek fotodinamik inaktivasyon etki gösterdiği belirtilmiştir (20) . Donnelly ve ark.…”

Section: Fotoantimikrobiyallerin Mikroorganizmalara Etkisiunclassified