A Comprehensive Review and Insight into the Latest Advancements in Nanotechnology

Abstract

Nanotechnology is an innovative field focused on manipulating matter at the molecular and atomic scale, typically below 100 nanometers. It enables the design, creation, and application of systems with enhanced properties due to nanoscale precision. Molecular nanotechnology (MNT) integrates engineering with molecular chemistry and physics, offering substantial advancements in medicine, environmental cleanup, and other fields. Significant milestones include the invention of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) in 1981 and Eric Drexler's popularization of the field with his book "Engines of Creation." Nanotechnology has revolutionized medicine with improved drug delivery systems, diagnostic tools, and medical imaging. In environmental science, it has enabled advanced filtration systems and pollution control methods. Different types of nanoparticles, such as metal, semiconductor, polymeric, lipid, carbon-based, and magnetic nanoparticles, have unique properties and applications across various industries. Despite its benefits, nanotechnology raises health and environmental concerns, leading to the emergence of nanotoxicology and nanomedicine to study and mitigate hazards. The evolution of nanotechnology has significantly impacted healthcare, electronics, energy, and materials. Regulatory challenges and health concerns present obstacles to commercialization, requiring collaborative efforts and proactive risk management.